Question

Как и с какими целями сооружались огромные пирамиды. Что вам известно о гробние фараона. Какие подарки делали фараоны богам, будто бы обитавшим в храмах. Какие правила должны были соблюдать египетские мастера. Почему в египте было трудно научиться читать и писать.Чему и как учили в школах египта. Кем становились выпускники школ. Опишите по рисунку письменые принадлежности писца. Как выглядит древнеегипетская книга.

Answer 1

Пирамиды строили для того, чтобы погребать в них своих фараонов.
В саркофаги клали золото, еду, а также после смерти фараонов рядом с ними оставались их вельможи.
Им делали подарки в виде золота, а также дорогих украшений.

Answer 2

Construction of the Pyramids

The ancient Egyptians built the massive pyramids as monumental tombs for their pharaohs, who were believed to be divine rulers. The construction of pyramids served several purposes, including religious, political, and cultural significance. Here are some key points about the construction of the pyramids:

- Purpose: The pyramids were built to serve as the final resting places for the pharaohs, who were considered divine beings in ancient Egyptian society. The pyramids were believed to facilitate the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife and ensure their immortality.

- Religious Significance: The pyramids were closely associated with the ancient Egyptian religion, which emphasized the importance of the afterlife. The construction of pyramids was seen as a way to honor the pharaohs and provide them with a grand burial place.

- Architectural Achievements: The construction of pyramids required immense engineering skills and organizational capabilities. The pyramids were built using large blocks of limestone or granite, which were carefully cut and transported to the construction site. The precise alignment and construction techniques used in building the pyramids are still a subject of study and fascination today.

- Labor Force: The construction of pyramids involved a large labor force consisting of skilled craftsmen, engineers, and workers. It is believed that the labor force included both skilled workers and conscripted laborers. The workers lived in nearby settlements and were provided with food, shelter, and other necessities during the construction process.

- Duration: The construction of pyramids was a long and complex process that could take several years or even decades to complete. The Great Pyramid of Giza, for example, is estimated to have taken around 20 years to build.

- Symbolism: The shape of the pyramids, with their sloping sides converging to a point at the top, was believed to represent the rays of the sun and the pharaoh's ascent to the heavens. The pyramids were also seen as a symbol of the pharaoh's power and authority.

Pharaoh's Tomb

The pharaohs were buried in elaborate tombs within the pyramids. These tombs were designed to ensure the pharaoh's safe passage to the afterlife and to provide them with everything they would need in the afterlife. Here are some key points about the pharaoh's tomb:

- Burial Chambers: The pharaoh's tomb typically consisted of multiple chambers, including a burial chamber where the pharaoh's sarcophagus was placed. The burial chamber was often located deep within the pyramid, hidden from view.

- Funerary Goods: The pharaoh's tomb was filled with a wealth of funerary goods, including furniture, jewelry, food, and other items that the pharaoh would need in the afterlife. These goods were believed to accompany the pharaoh and provide for their needs in the next world.

- Protection: The pharaoh's tomb was designed to be secure and protected from tomb robbers. It often included hidden passages, false doors, and other architectural features to confuse and deter potential thieves.

- Mummification: Before being placed in the tomb, the pharaoh's body was mummified to preserve it. The mummification process involved removing the internal organs, treating the body with preservatives, and wrapping it in linen bandages.

Gifts to the Gods

The ancient Egyptian pharaohs were considered divine rulers and were believed to have a close relationship with the gods. As a result, they would make offerings and gifts to the gods, often in the form of valuable objects and precious materials. Here are some key points about the gifts made by pharaohs to the gods:

- Religious Significance: The gifts made by pharaohs to the gods were an important part of ancient Egyptian religious rituals and ceremonies. These offerings were believed to please the gods and ensure their favor and protection.

- Types of Gifts: The gifts made by pharaohs to the gods varied in nature and could include precious metals, gemstones, statues, jewelry, food, and other valuable items. These offerings were often placed in temples dedicated to specific gods.

- Temple Offerings: The pharaohs would make regular offerings to the gods in the temples throughout their reign. These offerings were made by the pharaoh himself or by priests on his behalf.

- Symbolic Meaning: The gifts made by pharaohs to the gods were seen as a way to maintain the cosmic order and balance between the human and divine realms. They were also a demonstration of the pharaoh's piety and devotion to the gods.

Egyptian Master Craftsmen and their Rules

The ancient Egyptian craftsmen played a crucial role in the construction of temples, tombs, and other monumental structures. These craftsmen were highly skilled and followed specific rules and guidelines in their work. Here are some key points about the Egyptian master craftsmen and their rules:

- Training and Apprenticeship: Egyptian craftsmen underwent a rigorous training process that involved both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. They would often start as apprentices and learn their craft from experienced master craftsmen.

- Guilds and Organizations: Craftsmen in ancient Egypt were organized into guilds or associations that regulated their profession. These guilds set standards for craftsmanship, ensured fair wages, and protected the interests of the craftsmen.

- Hierarchical Structure: Craftsmen in ancient Egypt were organized in a hierarchical structure, with master craftsmen at the top. Master craftsmen were highly skilled and had extensive knowledge of their craft.

- Rules and Guidelines: Craftsmen followed specific rules and guidelines in their work to ensure quality and consistency. These rules included precise measurements, proportions, and techniques that were passed down from generation to generation.

- Materials and Tools: Craftsmen used a variety of materials, including stone, wood, metal, and clay, depending on the nature of their work. They had access to a wide range of tools, including chisels, saws, drills, and hammers.

Literacy in Ancient Egypt

In ancient Egypt, literacy was not widespread, and only a small percentage of the population could read and write. Here are some key points about literacy in ancient Egypt:

- Hieroglyphic Writing: The ancient Egyptians used a system of writing known as hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics consisted of pictorial symbols that represented sounds, words, and concepts. It was a complex writing system that required extensive training to master.

- Scribes: Scribes were highly educated individuals who were trained in reading and writing hieroglyphics. They held important positions in society and were responsible for recording and preserving important documents, such as religious texts, legal documents, and administrative records.

- Education: Education in ancient Egypt was primarily reserved for the elite, such as the children of nobles, priests, and scribes. Schools were attached to temples and were run by priests. The curriculum focused on teaching reading, writing, mathematics, and religious texts.

- Papyrus Scrolls: Papyrus scrolls were used as a writing surface in ancient Egypt. Papyrus was made from the pith of the papyrus plant and provided a smooth surface for writing. Scribes used reed pens and ink made from carbon black to write on papyrus.

- Literacy and Social Status: Literacy was closely associated with social status in ancient Egypt. The ability to read and write hieroglyphics was a valuable skill that could lead to prestigious positions in government, religion, and administration.

Ancient Egyptian Books

Ancient Egyptian books were typically written on papyrus scrolls and were known as "books of the dead" or "funerary texts." These books contained spells, prayers, and instructions for the deceased to navigate the afterlife. Here are some key points about ancient Egyptian books:

- Purpose: Ancient Egyptian books were created to guide the deceased through the afterlife. They contained spells, prayers, and instructions that were believed to help the deceased overcome obstacles and reach the realm of the gods.

- Content: The content of ancient Egyptian books varied, but they often included spells and prayers for protection, guidance, and judgment in the afterlife. The texts also contained instructions on how to perform rituals and offerings to ensure a successful journey to the afterlife.

- Illustrations: Ancient Egyptian books were often illustrated with colorful scenes depicting the deceased, gods, and various mythological creatures. These illustrations provided visual representations of the text and helped convey the meaning and symbolism of the words.

- Writing Style: Ancient Egyptian books were written in hieroglyphics, which consisted of pictorial symbols. The writing style was highly symbolic and required a deep understanding of the language and religious beliefs of ancient Egypt.

- Surviving Examples: Some ancient Egyptian books have survived to the present day, such as the Book of the Dead. These surviving texts provide valuable insights into the religious beliefs and rituals of ancient Egypt.