Question

С какими проблемами модернизации столкнулись развивающиеся страны? Каковы особенности модернизации в исламских странах Ближнего Востока, Северной Африки. Чем объясняется подъем исламского фундаментализма в этих странах?

Answer 1

Главными проблемами модернизации остаются внутренние противоречия в общем подходе экономического социального развития, низкий уровень образования населения, а также усиление этносоциальных конфликтов.
Власти многих стран с сильным влиянием ислама, в
том числе и идущие по пути модернизации (богатые нефтью Саудовская Аравия,
Объединенные Арабские Эмираты) , как правило, не затрагивают образа жизни и
традиций относительно малочисленного коренного населения. В развиваемой
нефтедобывающей, нефтеобрабатывающей, строительной и иной промышленности
используется преимущественно труд иностранных инженеров и рабочих.
Большинство стран Ближнего и Среднего Востока, а также близких к ним по многим
показателям развития государств Северной Африки, проводя политику модернизации
ведущих секторов экономики, не только не противостоят росту фундаменталистских
настроений, но и подчеркивают свою солидарность с течениями воинствующего
ислама. Это нередко осложняет их отношения с развитыми странами мира, питающими
недоверие к режимам, отвергающим либеральную демократию. И все же подобная
солидарность обеспечивает внутреннюю стабильность страны с ограниченными
ресурсами.

Answer 2

Challenges of Modernization in Developing Countries

Developing countries face a range of challenges when it comes to modernization. Some of the key challenges include:

1. Economic Challenges: Developing countries often struggle with economic issues such as poverty, income inequality, and lack of infrastructure. These challenges can hinder their ability to modernize and develop their economies.

2. Political Challenges: Political instability, corruption, and weak governance can impede the modernization process in developing countries. These factors can create barriers to effective policymaking and hinder progress in areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

3. Social Challenges: Social factors such as cultural norms, traditions, and social inequality can also pose challenges to modernization. These factors can influence attitudes towards change and impact the adoption of modern practices and technologies.

4. Technological Challenges: Limited access to technology and digital infrastructure can hinder modernization efforts in developing countries. The digital divide, lack of internet connectivity, and limited access to information and communication technologies can create barriers to progress.

5. Environmental Challenges: Developing countries often face environmental challenges such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. These challenges can have a significant impact on their ability to modernize sustainably and can exacerbate existing social and economic issues.

Features of Modernization in Islamic Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Modernization in Islamic countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has its own unique characteristics. Some of these features include:

1. Role of Religion: Islamic countries in the MENA region often face the challenge of balancing modernization with religious values and traditions. The influence of Islam on various aspects of society, including politics, law, and social norms, can shape the modernization process.

2. Political Dynamics: The political landscape in the MENA region has been characterized by a mix of authoritarian regimes, political instability, and social movements. These dynamics can impact the pace and direction of modernization efforts in the region.

3. Youth Demographic: The MENA region has a significant youth population, and their aspirations and demands for change have played a role in shaping the modernization process. Young people in the region have been at the forefront of social and political movements, advocating for greater freedoms, economic opportunities, and social justice.

4. Economic Challenges: Economic challenges, such as high unemployment rates, income inequality, and dependence on oil revenues, have influenced the modernization process in the MENA region. Diversification of economies, job creation, and addressing socio-economic disparities are key priorities for modernization.

Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Islamic Countries

The rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Islamic countries can be attributed to a combination of factors. Some of the key factors include:

1. Political and Social Factors: Political and social grievances, such as corruption, lack of political freedoms, and socio-economic inequalities, have contributed to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. These grievances can create a fertile ground for radical ideologies to gain traction.

2. Perceived Threats to Identity: Islamic fundamentalism often emerges as a response to perceived threats to religious and cultural identity. Globalization, Western influence, and perceived cultural imperialism can fuel a sense of insecurity and lead to a resurgence of conservative religious ideologies.

3. Rejection of Western Values: Islamic fundamentalism can also be seen as a rejection of Western values and a desire to establish a society based on Islamic principles. This rejection can be driven by a perception that Western values are incompatible with Islamic beliefs and traditions.

4. Political and Economic Marginalization: Marginalization of certain groups within society, whether based on political, ethnic, or economic factors, can contribute to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. These marginalized groups may find solace and empowerment in radical ideologies that promise social justice and equality.

It is important to note that the rise of Islamic fundamentalism is a complex phenomenon influenced by a multitude of factors. The specific context and history of each country play a significant role in shaping the dynamics of fundamentalist movements.