Question

Отметьте знаком + черты,характерные для экономики Европы в начале Нового времени. 1)Замена на фабриках ручного труда машинами 2)Появление товарных бирж 3)Появление рассеянной мануфактуры 4)Сохранение господства натурального хозяйства 5)Превращение земли в мерило власти и богатства 6)"Революция цен" 7)Недостаток благородных металлов 8)Заимствование технических достижений у народов Востока,в первую очередь Китая 9)Упадок торгово-промышленных городов Англии и Голландии 10)Широкое применение энергии ветра и воды

Answer 1

1+ 2+ 3- 4- 5+ 6+ 7- 8+ 9- 10-

Answer 2

Characteristics of the European Economy in the Early Modern Period

During the early modern period in Europe, several significant changes occurred in the economy. Let's go through each of the characteristics you mentioned and discuss them in detail:

1) Replacement of Manual Labor with Machines in Factories One of the key features of the European economy in the early modern period was the gradual replacement of manual labor with machines in factories. This transition was driven by technological advancements, such as the invention of the spinning jenny and the steam engine. These machines increased productivity and efficiency, leading to the growth of industrialization [[1]].

2) Emergence of Commodity Exchanges Another important development during this time was the emergence of commodity exchanges. These exchanges provided a centralized marketplace for buying and selling goods, including agricultural products, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Commodity exchanges facilitated trade and helped establish standardized prices for commodities, contributing to the growth of commercial activity [[2]].

3) Rise of Dispersed Manufacture The early modern period also witnessed the rise of dispersed manufacture, also known as cottage industry or putting-out system. This system involved the division of labor, where different stages of production were carried out by different individuals or households. Merchants provided raw materials to rural workers, who then processed and finished the goods in their homes. This system allowed for increased production and specialization, particularly in textile manufacturing [[3]].

4) Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture While industrialization and commercialization were transforming parts of the European economy, it is important to note that subsistence agriculture still dominated in many regions. Subsistence agriculture refers to a farming system where farmers produce primarily for their own consumption rather than for the market. This was particularly true in rural areas, where peasants relied on their own agricultural production to meet their basic needs [[4]].

5) Land as a Measure of Power and Wealth In the early modern period, land ownership played a crucial role in determining social status, power, and wealth. The possession of large estates and the control of agricultural land were seen as symbols of prestige and authority. Landlords derived income from rents paid by tenant farmers, further reinforcing the hierarchical structure of society [[5]].

6) "Price Revolution" The early modern period was marked by a significant increase in prices, known as the "Price Revolution." This inflationary trend was influenced by various factors, including the influx of precious metals from the New World, population growth, and increased demand for goods. The Price Revolution had profound effects on the economy, society, and politics of the time [[6]].

7) Scarcity of Precious Metals During the early modern period, Europe faced a scarcity of precious metals, such as gold and silver. The influx of precious metals from the Americas initially led to inflation, but as the supply of these metals diminished, their scarcity became a challenge for European economies. This scarcity prompted the search for alternative sources of wealth and the development of new economic strategies [[7]].

8) Adoption of Technological Achievements from the East European nations, particularly countries like England and the Netherlands, borrowed and adopted technological achievements from Eastern civilizations, primarily China. These technological transfers included advancements in areas such as navigation, printing, and ceramics. The adoption of these innovations contributed to the growth of European economies during the early modern period [[8]].

9) Decline of Trading and Industrial Cities in England and the Netherlands While the early modern period witnessed significant economic changes, it also brought about the decline of trading and industrial cities in England and the Netherlands. Factors such as changing trade routes, competition from other regions, and political instability contributed to the decline of these cities. However, it is important to note that this decline was not uniform across all European regions [[9]].

10) Wide Application of Wind and Water Power In the early modern period, wind and water power played a crucial role in various industries. Windmills and watermills were widely used to harness energy for tasks such as grinding grain, sawing wood, and pumping water. These renewable energy sources were essential for powering early industrial processes and contributed to the growth of manufacturing [[10]].

I hope this provides a detailed overview of the characteristics of the European economy in the early modern period. Let me know if you have any further questions!