Question

История России Дайте характеристику европейской политики России. Каковы главные достижения России на этом направлении? Помогите пожааалуйста))))

Answer 1

Направление внешней политики - конечно оспорить парижский мир, который лишил Черного моря . Вот из этого вылился и Восточный вопрос. Главное в нем - Средняя Азия
Главные направления внешней политики: выход из международной изоляции и восстановление роли России как великой державы, отмена унизительных статей Парижского мирного договора, запрещавших иметь флот и военные укрепления на Черном море. Кроме того, необходимо было договорами закрепить границы с соседними государствами в Средней Азии и на Дальнем Востоке. Эти сложные задачи были решены мирным путем во многом благодаря блестящему дипломатическому таланту А. М. Горчакова.

Answer 2

European Policy of Russia in History

The European policy of Russia has undergone significant changes throughout history. It is important to note that Russia's relationship with Europe has been complex and influenced by various factors, including political, economic, and cultural considerations.

During the reign of Peter the Great in the 18th century, Russia embarked on a policy of Westernization and sought to modernize the country by adopting European practices and institutions. Peter the Great's reforms aimed to bring Russia closer to Europe and establish it as a major European power. This period marked the beginning of Russia's engagement with Europe and its aspiration to be recognized as a European nation.

In the 19th century, Russia's European policy was characterized by a desire to maintain a balance of power on the continent. Russia sought to protect its interests and expand its influence in Eastern Europe, particularly in the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire. This led to conflicts with other European powers, such as the Crimean War (1853-1856), where Russia faced a coalition of European states.

During the Soviet era, Russia's European policy was shaped by the ideology of communism and the desire to spread the revolution to other countries. The Soviet Union sought to establish satellite states in Eastern Europe and exert control over these countries. This policy led to the division of Europe into two blocs, with the Soviet Union and its allies forming the Eastern Bloc, and Western European countries aligning with the United States in the Western Bloc.

Main Achievements of Russia in European Policy

1. Expansion of Territory: One of the main achievements of Russia in European policy was the expansion of its territory. Through a series of military campaigns and diplomatic negotiations, Russia acquired vast territories in Eastern Europe, including parts of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states.

2. Establishment of a Sphere of Influence: Russia has historically sought to establish a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. This has been achieved through the establishment of satellite states and the formation of alliances with countries in the region. For example, during the Soviet era, countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were under the influence of the Soviet Union.

3. Preservation of National Identity: Despite its engagement with Europe, Russia has also sought to preserve its national identity and cultural heritage. This has been reflected in the promotion of the Russian language, literature, and arts, as well as the preservation of Orthodox Christianity as the dominant religion.

4. Participation in European Institutions: Russia has been involved in various European institutions, such as the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). These institutions provide a platform for dialogue and cooperation between European countries on various issues, including human rights, democracy, and security.

5. Negotiation of International Treaties: Russia has been actively involved in negotiating international treaties and agreements that have had a significant impact on European politics. For example, Russia played a key role in the negotiation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which aimed to reduce the number of conventional military forces in Europe.

It is important to note that the European policy of Russia has been subject to various challenges and controversies throughout history. The relationship between Russia and Europe has been marked by periods of cooperation and conflict, and the interpretation of Russia's actions in Europe can vary depending on the perspective.