Question

СРОЧНООООООООО Задание 1. 15 баллов:( Какие изменения, произошедшие в мире в V веке нашей эры, позволяют ученым говорить о том, что закончилась историческая эпоха античности и началась новая эпоха — Средние века? Дайте подробный ответ. Задание 2. Назовите как минимум три причины падения Западной Римской империи.

Answer 1

Задание 2 .1. Она была очень большой (от Шотландии до Персии, от Испании до Венгрии) , было не возможно контролировать все границы, несмотря на очень хорошие дороги, транспортную систему, коммуникации не были достаточно быстрыми для хорошего контроля всей Империи. 
2. под давлением дальнеазиатских орд кочевников (авары и гунны) германские народы пересекали естественные границы Римской империи (Рейн, Дунай, Альпы) , сначала как наемники в армии Римской империи, а потом целые народы стали мигрировать (франки, готты, вандаллы, бургундцы, англы, саксоны, и др) . Это способствовало нарушению стабильности внутри Римской империи.
3. В 3 веке - эпоха "30 тиранов". Политическая нестабильность. Борьба за власть между римскими генералами, внутренние гражданские войны из-за амбиций генералов. Генералы для своих целей призывали войска с границ, что еще больше ослабляло их и делало более уязвимыми перед натиском германских племен.
4. традиционные добродетели простоты, труда и семьи были разрушены гедонизмом и вульгарностью, избытком роскоши, оргиями после римских завоеваний и наводнением Рима рабами, ценностями других культур, трофеями. Соревнования между семьями, кто лучше. Вообщем, культурный упадок. 
5. паралельно с культурным упадком, христианство, распространявшееся по Римской империи, давало новые ценности и еще более четко показывало огромный разрыв между образом жизни и декаденством идолопоклонничества римлян и серьезной моралью, этикой и образом жизни христиан, которые не разделяли ценности римлян и не видели смысла поддерживать начинающуюся разваливаться Римскую империю.

Answer 2

Changes in the World in the 5th Century AD and the Transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages

The 5th century AD marked a significant turning point in history, as it witnessed several changes that led scholars to argue that the era of antiquity came to an end and a new era, known as the Middle Ages, began. Let's explore the key changes that occurred during this period.

1. Fall of the Western Roman Empire: One of the most significant events that marked the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages was the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire faced numerous challenges, including invasions by Germanic tribes, economic decline, political instability, and internal conflicts. In 476 AD, the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain. This event symbolized the end of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of a new era [[1]].

2. Barbarian Invasions and Migration: During the 5th century, the Western Roman Empire faced a series of invasions by various Germanic tribes, such as the Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Lombards. These invasions led to the disintegration of the empire and the establishment of Germanic kingdoms on its former territories. The movement of these tribes and the subsequent establishment of new political entities contributed to the transformation of the social, political, and cultural landscape of Europe, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages [[2]].

3. Shift in Political Power: The 5th century also witnessed a shift in political power. As the Western Roman Empire declined, new political entities emerged. The power vacuum left by the fall of the empire allowed various Germanic tribes to establish their own kingdoms. Additionally, the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, continued to exist and exerted influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. The emergence of these new political entities and the division of power further contributed to the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages [[3]].

4. Christianization of Europe: Another significant change during this period was the spread of Christianity throughout Europe. In the 4th and 5th centuries, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine. The conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity had a profound impact on the religious, cultural, and social fabric of Europe. The influence of the Christian Church increased, and it played a central role in shaping the medieval society that followed [[4]].

In conclusion, the 5th century AD witnessed several changes that led scholars to argue that the era of antiquity came to an end and the Middle Ages began. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, barbarian invasions and migration, the shift in political power, and the Christianization of Europe were among the key factors that marked this transition.

Reasons for the Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was a complex process influenced by various factors. Here are three key reasons for its decline:

1. Barbarian Invasions: The Western Roman Empire faced continuous invasions by various Germanic tribes during the 4th and 5th centuries. These tribes, such as the Visigoths, Vandals, and Ostrogoths, took advantage of the empire's weakened state and launched military campaigns. The invasions put immense pressure on the empire's resources, weakened its military, and contributed to the disintegration of its territories [[5]].

2. Economic Decline: The Western Roman Empire experienced economic decline due to factors such as excessive taxation, inflation, and the disruption of trade routes. The empire's economy relied heavily on slave labor, which became less available as the empire expanded and faced military setbacks. Additionally, the empire struggled to maintain its vast territories, leading to increased expenses and financial strain [[6]].

3. Political Instability and Corruption: Political instability and corruption were significant factors in the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The empire faced frequent changes in leadership, including the rise of weak and ineffective emperors. Political corruption and infighting among the ruling elite further weakened the empire's ability to govern effectively. These internal conflicts and power struggles contributed to the empire's decline [[7]].

It is important to note that the fall of the Western Roman Empire was a complex process influenced by a combination of factors. The barbarian invasions, economic decline, and political instability were among the key reasons for its downfall.