Question

Главный итог военно-политической деятельности Ивана Калиты: • свержение ордынского ига • начало отвоевания независимости Руси • начато возвышения Москвы • установление дружеских отношений с Литвой

Answer 1

Тогда: свержение ордынского ига ( 1480 год- стояние на реке Угре)

Answer 2

The Main Achievements of Ivan Kalita's Military and Political Activities

Ivan Kalita, also known as Ivan I, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1325 to 1340. His reign marked a significant period of consolidation and expansion for Moscow and laid the foundation for the future growth and power of the Russian state. Here are the main achievements of Ivan Kalita's military and political activities:

1. Overthrow of the Mongol Yoke: One of the key accomplishments of Ivan Kalita was the successful overthrow of the Mongol rule, also known as the "Mongol Yoke." Under the Mongol domination, Russia had been subjected to heavy taxation and political subjugation. Ivan Kalita skillfully maneuvered between the Mongols and other Russian principalities, gradually increasing Moscow's influence and power. Eventually, he managed to establish Moscow as the center of political authority and effectively ended the direct Mongol control over Russia.

2. Reclaiming Independence for Russia: Ivan Kalita's efforts to consolidate power and expand Moscow's influence were crucial in the process of reclaiming independence for Russia. By strengthening Moscow's position and establishing it as the leading principality, Ivan Kalita laid the groundwork for the future unification of Russian lands under Moscow's rule. His policies and diplomatic maneuvers helped to create a sense of unity among the Russian principalities, which eventually led to the formation of a centralized Russian state.

3. Rise of Moscow as a Political Center: Ivan Kalita played a significant role in elevating Moscow's status as a political center. He actively promoted the development of Moscow, attracting merchants, craftsmen, and settlers to the city. Ivan Kalita also initiated the construction of important architectural landmarks, such as the Moscow Kremlin, which became a symbol of Moscow's growing power and influence. His efforts contributed to the transformation of Moscow into the political, economic, and cultural heart of Russia.

4. Establishment of Friendly Relations with Lithuania: Another notable achievement of Ivan Kalita was the establishment of friendly relations with Lithuania. Recognizing the importance of maintaining stable relations with neighboring powers, Ivan Kalita pursued a policy of diplomacy and cooperation with Lithuania. This allowed Moscow to secure its western borders and avoid conflicts with Lithuania, which was a significant regional power at the time. The friendly relations between Moscow and Lithuania laid the foundation for future alliances and cooperation between the two states.

In conclusion, Ivan Kalita's military and political activities were instrumental in the consolidation of Moscow's power, the overthrow of the Mongol Yoke, the reclaiming of independence for Russia, the rise of Moscow as a political center, and the establishment of friendly relations with Lithuania. His achievements laid the foundation for the future growth and development of the Russian state.