Question

Зовнішня політика Ніксона ?

Answer 1

Ричард Милхауз Никсон (англ. Richard Milhous Nixon; 9 января 1913, Йорба-Линда, Калифорния — 22 апреля 1994, Нью-Йорк) — 37-й Президент Соединённых Штатов Америки (1969—1974), от Республиканской партии.
В 1953—1961 был вице-президентом в администрации Эйзенхауэра, играя заметную публичную роль и часто выступая от лица администрации. На выборах 1960 первый раз баллотировался от республиканцев в президенты, однако потерпел поражение от Джона Кеннеди. В 1968 и 1972 избирался на президентский пост (единственный американский политик, избранный на два срока вице-президентом, а впоследствии на два срока президентом). Во время его правления американские астронавты высадились на Луну. Внешней политикой в этот период руководил Генри Киссинджер. При Никсоне установились особые отношения США с КНР (ознаменованные сенсационным личным визитом президента в Китай) и началась политика разрядки в отношениях с СССР; Никсон лично посетил Советский Союз в мае 1972 (первым из президентов после Рузвельта в 1945) и подписал с Брежневым договор ОСВ-1. Он был также первым президентом, посетившим все 50 штатов.
Никсон — единственный президент США, досрочно прекративший свои полномочия и подавший в отставку. Это случилось после скандала, известного как «Уотергейт», и обвинений, грозивших ему импичментом. Из-за коррупции, пронизавшей всю администрацию, Никсона обычно относят к числу самых одиозных президентов (хотя и подчёркивая противоречивость фигуры: внешнеполитические успехи, жёсткий и в общем эффективный стиль управления).

Answer 2

The Foreign Policy of Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon, the 37th President of the United States, served from 1969 to 1974. His foreign policy was characterized by several key initiatives and events. Let's explore some of the main aspects of Nixon's foreign policy.

1. Détente with the Soviet Union: One of the central pillars of Nixon's foreign policy was the pursuit of détente with the Soviet Union. Détente refers to a relaxation of tensions between two rival powers. Nixon believed that by engaging in dialogue and negotiation with the Soviet Union, the risk of nuclear war could be reduced. This approach led to several significant agreements, including the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. These agreements aimed to limit the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

2. Opening Relations with China: Another major development in Nixon's foreign policy was the normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China. Prior to Nixon's presidency, the United States had no official diplomatic relations with China. In 1972, Nixon made a historic visit to China, meeting with Chinese leaders, including Chairman Mao Zedong. This visit paved the way for the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the two countries and had significant implications for the balance of power in the Cold War era.

3. Vietnam War and Vietnamization: Nixon inherited the ongoing Vietnam War from his predecessor, Lyndon B. Johnson. He pursued a policy known as "Vietnamization," which aimed to gradually transfer the responsibility for the war to the South Vietnamese government and reduce the direct involvement of U.S. troops. This policy involved training and equipping the South Vietnamese military to take on a larger role in the conflict. Ultimately, Nixon's administration negotiated a peace agreement, known as the Paris Peace Accords, which led to the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam.

4. Middle East Diplomacy: Nixon also made efforts to address the complex dynamics in the Middle East. One notable achievement was the negotiation of a ceasefire between Israel and Egypt during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. This ceasefire, facilitated by U.S. diplomacy, helped to stabilize the region and prevent further escalation of the conflict. Additionally, Nixon sought to maintain close ties with key allies in the region, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran.

5. Watergate Scandal and Resignation: It is important to note that Nixon's foreign policy was overshadowed by the Watergate scandal, which ultimately led to his resignation in 1974. The Watergate scandal involved illegal activities by members of Nixon's administration, including the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. The scandal consumed much of Nixon's second term and had a significant impact on his presidency.

In conclusion, Richard Nixon's foreign policy was characterized by a pursuit of détente with the Soviet Union, the opening of relations with China, efforts to end the Vietnam War through Vietnamization, diplomatic initiatives in the Middle East, and ultimately, the Watergate scandal that led to his resignation. These events and policies shaped the United States' role in the world during Nixon's presidency.