Question

Почему объединение германии произошло мирным путем?Какую роль сыграло стихийное движение масс в обеих частей Германии?

Answer 1

История знает два об'единения Германии - первое в 1871 году, происходившее вокруг королевства Пруссия об'единение мелких и крупных германских княжеств, герцогств и других феодальных образований в единую федеративную Германскую империю. Процесс продолжался с 1864 года, когда Пруссия вела войны с Данией, Австро-Венгрией и Францией. Лидером движения об'единения Германии был Отто фон Бисмарк.
Второе об'единение Германии было в 1990 году, когда усилиями стран Запада и с согласия Советского Союза воссоединились ФРГ и ГДР - два немецких государства, образовавшихся после поражения гитлеровской Германии от СССР и стран-союзников (США, Британия, Франция). 
В обоих случаях надо отметить патриотизм рядовых немцев и их стремление иметь сильное государство с мощной экономикой.

Answer 2

The Peaceful Unification of Germany

The reunification of Germany in 1990 occurred through peaceful means, which was a significant achievement considering the historical context and the potential for conflict. The peaceful nature of the reunification can be attributed to several factors.

1. International Diplomacy: The reunification process was supported by international diplomacy and negotiations involving various stakeholders. The two German states, East Germany (German Democratic Republic) and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), along with other countries, worked towards a peaceful resolution. The international community, including the United States, the Soviet Union, and other European nations, played a crucial role in facilitating the reunification process.

2. Economic Factors: The economic situation in East Germany played a significant role in the peaceful reunification. The East German economy was struggling, and the gap between the living standards in East and West Germany was substantial. The economic disparity, along with the desire for economic prosperity, created a strong motivation for reunification. The West German government provided financial assistance to East Germany to support its economic development and integration into the unified Germany.

3. Popular Movements: The spontaneous mass movements in both parts of Germany also played a crucial role in the peaceful reunification. In East Germany, the citizens' movement, known as the "Peaceful Revolution," emerged in the late 1980s. The movement demanded political reforms, freedom of speech, and democratic rights. The peaceful protests and demonstrations put pressure on the East German government and eventually led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.

In West Germany, there was widespread support for reunification among the population. The West German government, led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, actively pursued reunification as a national goal. The government's commitment to peaceful reunification and its willingness to address the concerns of other countries helped create a favorable environment for negotiations.

4. International Context: The peaceful reunification of Germany was also influenced by the changing international context. The end of the Cold War and the decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe created an opportunity for the reunification process. The Soviet Union, under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, adopted a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of Eastern European countries. This policy allowed for greater freedom and flexibility in the reunification negotiations.

In conclusion, the peaceful reunification of Germany in 1990 was the result of international diplomacy, economic factors, popular movements, and the changing international context. The desire for political freedom, economic prosperity, and the support of the international community contributed to the successful resolution of the reunification process.