Question

История:почему в отличии от Англии и Франции в Германии возникло не единое централизованное государство, а много мелких централизованных государств? Помогите пожалуйста!

Answer 1

Потому что германские княжества состояли в Священной Римской Империи, а её устав предполагал полунезависимое положение княжеств, кюрфуршеств, герцогсцевств, и прочих мелких субъектов. При малейшей возможности отдельные правители отделялись и от них. Более того в 16 веке Империя разделилась на христиан на юге и протестантов на севере. Не было единства в Германии вот и всё.в англии и франции был уже опыть государства ( римляне научили)

Answer 2

Historical Background

The development of a centralized state in Germany differed from that of England and France due to a variety of historical factors. It is important to note that Germany as a unified nation did not exist until the late 19th century. Prior to that, the region that is now Germany consisted of numerous small states, each with its own ruler and government. These states were often referred to as the "German states" or the "German Confederation."

Holy Roman Empire and Feudalism

One of the key factors that contributed to the fragmented nature of Germany was the historical presence of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed from the Middle Ages until its dissolution in 1806. It was characterized by a decentralized structure, with power being shared between the emperor and various princes and nobles. This system of governance, known as feudalism, allowed local rulers to maintain a significant degree of autonomy and control over their territories.

Influence of the Peace of Westphalia

Another important event that shaped the political landscape of Germany was the Peace of Westphalia, which was signed in 1648 at the end of the Thirty Years' War. This peace treaty recognized the sovereignty of individual German states and established the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed rulers to determine the religion of their own territories. This further solidified the power of local rulers and contributed to the fragmentation of Germany.

Impact of Napoleon Bonaparte

The French Revolution and the subsequent rise of Napoleon Bonaparte had a significant impact on the political structure of Germany. Napoleon's conquests in Europe led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. In its place, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine, which was a loose confederation of German states under French influence. This period of French occupation and influence further weakened the authority of local rulers and paved the way for future attempts at German unification.

Rise of Nationalism and the Frankfurt Parliament

In the 19th century, the idea of German nationalism began to gain traction. Intellectuals and political activists advocated for the unification of the German states into a single nation-state. In 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament was convened with the goal of creating a unified German state. However, the Frankfurt Parliament ultimately failed to achieve its objectives due to internal divisions and opposition from conservative forces.

Bismarck and the Unification of Germany

It was not until the late 19th century that Germany finally achieved unification under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, skillfully used diplomacy and military force to bring the various German states together. In 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed, with Prussia as its dominant state. This marked the establishment of a centralized and unified German state.

Conclusion

In summary, the development of a centralized state in Germany was hindered by historical factors such as the decentralized structure of the Holy Roman Empire, the impact of the Peace of Westphalia, the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the challenges faced by early attempts at German unification. It was only in the late 19th century, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, that Germany finally became a unified and centralized nation-state.