Question

Даю 20 баллов. Подумайте какие явления говорят о переходе от средних веков к новому времени

Answer 1

Этот переход ознаменован важными событиями и явлениями:
распространение гуманистических идей, в основе которых было новое отношение к человеку (см. с. 123);
Великие географические открытия (открытие Америки Колумбом - 1492 г., открытие Васко да Гамой морского пути в Индию - 1498 г., первое кругосветное путешествие экспедиции Магеллана -1519-1522 гг. и др.), расширили представление европейцев о мире и населяющих его народах;
Реформация - широкое общественное движение, направленное на коренное переустройство церкви. Участники Реформации не признавали за папами права руководить верующими, требовали отобрать у церкви ее земли, закрыть монастыри, запретить почитание икон и святых, продажу индульгенций, дать возможность всем читать Священное Писание - единственный источник вероучения и т. п. Участники Реформации были убеждены в том, что спастись (т. е. попасть в рай) можно только благодаря личной вере без помощи духовенства. Реформация победила во многих странах Европы (Северная Германия, Швейцария, Нидерланды, Англия, Дания, Швеция и др.).+

Answer 2

Ну.. в мире ученые начинают заниматься физикой углубленно, они создают новые приборы, электричество, технику. Некоторые страны прекращают войны. 

Answer 3

Transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period

The transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period was marked by several significant phenomena that reflected the changing social, political, and cultural landscape of the time. These phenomena indicate a shift from the traditional feudal system of the Middle Ages to a more modern and dynamic society. Here are some key aspects that highlight this transition:

1. Renaissance and Humanism: The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth that emerged in the 14th century and reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, art, and literature. Humanism, a philosophical and intellectual movement, emphasized the importance of human potential and individualism. The Renaissance and humanism challenged the dominance of the Church and laid the foundation for a more secular and human-centered worldview.

2. Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Revolution, which took place from the 16th to the 18th centuries, marked a significant departure from the medieval understanding of the natural world. It was characterized by the development of new scientific methods, the questioning of traditional beliefs, and the emergence of influential figures such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton. The Scientific Revolution led to a fundamental shift in the way people understood and studied the physical world, laying the groundwork for modern science.

3. Exploration and Expansion: The Age of Exploration, which began in the 15th century, was a period of extensive overseas exploration and colonization. European powers, such as Spain, Portugal, England, and France, embarked on voyages of discovery, seeking new trade routes and resources. This era of exploration and expansion led to the establishment of colonies, the spread of European influence, and the integration of different cultures and societies.

4. Protestant Reformation: The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestant denominations. The Reformation sparked religious and political conflicts across Europe and resulted in the fragmentation of Christianity. It also contributed to the rise of individualism and the idea of religious freedom.

5. Rise of Nation-States: The transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period saw the consolidation of power and the emergence of strong nation-states. Feudalism gradually gave way to centralized monarchies, as rulers sought to strengthen their authority and control over their territories. This shift led to the formation of modern nation-states, characterized by defined borders, centralized governments, and a sense of national identity.

6. Economic Changes: The transition to the Early Modern Period brought significant economic changes. The growth of trade and commerce, facilitated by the exploration of new trade routes and the establishment of colonies, led to the emergence of a global economy. The rise of capitalism and the development of a market-based economy challenged the traditional feudal economic system. This period also witnessed the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, with advancements in technology and the mechanization of production.

These phenomena collectively demonstrate the transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period, characterized by a shift towards humanism, scientific inquiry, exploration, religious reform, the rise of nation-states, and economic changes. These changes laid the foundation for the modern world we live in today.