Question

Реформа 1861 г. и пережитки крепостничества в России : Пережитки крепостничества Причины их сохранения Последствия их сохранения Общий вывод о перспективах развития рыночной экономики 1.Помещичье землевладение 2.Малоземелье крестьян, «отрезки» 3.Выкупные платежи 4.Община .

Answer 1

Реформа 1861 года хоть и дала юридическую свободу крестьянам,но не дала им экономической независимости,т.к самодержавие пыталось всеми силами сохранить привилегии поместного дворянства. Крестьяне обязаны были выкупать для себя землю,цену за которую устанавливал сам помещик и зачастую она была завышена. 
К началу 20 века прирост крестьянского населения составил 55-60%,из-за этого недостаток земли стал более ощутим. Так же положение крестьян усугублялось отсталостью,или даже отсутствием(она была довольно таки дорогой) сельскохозяйственной техники.
Государственные налоги,за счет которых в основном развивалась промышленность,ложились на хрупкие плечи крестьян. 
Сохранив помещичье землевладение, переложив тем самым на крестьян расходы по его содержанию, увековечив общину,реформа создала полукрепостническую,малоэффективную аграрную экономику. 

Answer 2

Reform of 1861 and Vestiges of Serfdom in Russia

The reform of 1861 in Russia marked the emancipation of the serfs and the abolition of the feudal system. However, several vestiges of serfdom persisted even after the reform, impacting the development of a market economy.

1. Pomeshchik (Landlord) Land Ownership - The reform allowed the landlords to retain ownership of the land, while the serfs were granted personal freedom. This led to a situation where the peasants remained dependent on the landlords for land and livelihood.

2. Small Land Allotments for Peasants, "Otrezki" - The peasants received small plots of land, known as "otrezki," which were often insufficient for sustainable agriculture. This limited the economic prospects of the peasants and perpetuated their dependence on the landlords.

3. Redemption Payments - The peasants were required to make redemption payments to the government over a period of time in exchange for the land they received. This financial burden further constrained the economic advancement of the peasantry.

4. Communal Land Ownership - The communal land ownership system, known as the "mir," persisted after the reform. This communal ownership hindered individual initiative and economic development, as decisions regarding land use were often collective and not based on market forces.

Reasons for Their Preservation

The preservation of these vestiges of serfdom can be attributed to various factors, including the interests of the landlords, the limitations of the reform itself, and the broader socio-economic conditions of the time.

Consequences of Their Preservation

The persistence of these vestiges had significant consequences for the development of a market economy in Russia. It hindered the emergence of a free labor market, limited the economic mobility of the peasantry, and perpetuated social and economic inequalities.

General Conclusion on the Prospects of Market Economy Development

The preservation of these vestiges of serfdom posed significant challenges to the development of a market economy in Russia. It constrained the ability of individuals to engage freely in economic activities, perpetuated social stratification, and hindered the efficient allocation of resources. Overcoming these vestiges was essential for the successful transition to a modern market economy.

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