Question

Условия жизни рабочих в Англии 19 века

Answer 1

Жестокое обращение, изнурение голодом и работой, крайне тяжёлая обстановка жизни детей и, наконец, страшная эпидемия среди рабочих этих фабрик возбудили общественное мнение Англии, и в 1802 г. Роберт Пиль (старший), сам крупный фабрикант, провёл в парламентезакон (42 Geo. III, с. 73), которым владельцы бумаго- и шерстопрядильных фабрик обязывались ввести различные улучшения в условия жизни учеников, прекратить ночную их работу и сократить продолжительность работы до 12 часов в сутки, включая и время на обязательное, за счёт фабрикантов, обучение учеников грамоте, арифметике и проч. Это был первый закон, нарушавший ходячий в то время принцип невмешательствагосударства в свободные отношенияработодателей к рабочим.

Несмотря на всю его скромность, он остался без применения, так как наблюдение за его исполнением было возложено на уполномоченных от мирового суда, в состав которого входили и фабриканты, и лица, им близкие. К тому же быстрые изменения в условиях фабричной промышленности, в особенности применение паровых двигателей, устранили побуждение строить фабрики вне городов, а на городских фабриках работали местные рабочие и их дети, на которых закон не распространялся.

Answer 2

Conditions of Life for Workers in 19th Century England

In the 19th century, the conditions of life for workers in England were challenging, particularly for those in industrial areas. The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the economy and society, leading to the growth of factories and urbanization. Here are some key aspects of the working and living conditions during this time:

1. Working Conditions: - Long working hours: Workers often had to endure long hours of labor, typically ranging from 10 to 16 hours per day, six days a week. - Low wages: Many workers received low wages, which were often insufficient to meet their basic needs. This led to widespread poverty and hardship. - Dangerous and unhealthy environments: Factory workers faced hazardous working conditions, including exposure to toxic substances, poor ventilation, and lack of safety regulations. - Child labor: Child labor was prevalent during this period, with children as young as five or six years old working in factories and mines. They were subjected to long hours of work and often performed dangerous tasks.

2. Living Conditions: - Overcrowded housing: The rapid urbanization and influx of workers into cities led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions. Many workers lived in cramped tenements or slums, with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. - Lack of basic amenities: Access to basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation facilities, and healthcare was limited in many working-class neighborhoods. - Poverty and malnutrition: The low wages earned by workers often meant that they struggled to afford sufficient food and faced malnutrition. - Limited social support: There was a lack of social support systems, such as welfare programs or labor unions, to protect the rights and well-being of workers.

3. Social and Economic Impact: - Class divide: The stark contrast between the living conditions of the working class and the wealthier upper class led to significant social and economic inequalities. - Emergence of labor movements: The harsh conditions faced by workers in the 19th century contributed to the rise of labor movements and the fight for workers' rights and improved working conditions.

It is important to note that while these conditions were prevalent in 19th century England, there were variations depending on the specific industry, region, and individual circumstances.

Overall, the conditions of life for workers in 19th century England were characterized by long working hours, low wages, dangerous working environments, overcrowded housing, and limited access to basic amenities. These conditions contributed to widespread poverty, social inequality, and the emergence of labor movements advocating for workers' rights.

Source: "XIX - XX века. Условия жизни рабочих в Англии" (You.com) Source: "Условия жизни рабочих в Англии в XIX веке" (You.com)