Question

7.Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы. После Столетней войны усилившаяся королевская власть во Франции стремилась подчинить крупных феодалов и завершить объединение страны. Людовику XI пришлось вести войны со знатью, особенно с герцогом Бургундским Карлом Смелым. Дальновидный политик, Людовик стремился объединить страну и усилить свою власть, используя все средства для достижения своих целей. В результате Людовик добился своего, натравливая на Карла его врагов. В конце концов Бургундия была присоединена к королевскому домену. Следующим этапом была централизация – реальное подчинение объединенной территории под единой властью короля. Феодалы, как правило, сохраняли свои владения, но лишались прежней независимости. Были резко увеличены налоги на содержание постоянной армии и чиновников. Король уже не нуждался в постоянной поддержке сословий и за время своего правления собрал Генеральные штаты лишь один раз. Какую цель преследовали короли в своей борьбе с феодалами? Какие пути и средства использовали короли в борьбе с феодалами? Каковы были результаты этой борьбы? 24

Answer 1

Цель  - укрепить свою власть во Франции, объединить страну, стать полновластным правителем. независимым от феодалов.

Пути и средства - стравливание крупных феодалов между собой, покупка и захват земель.

Результаты - французские короли объединили страну, стали единоличными правителями, установили общее законодательство, ликвидировали независимость феодальных владений.

Answer 2

Background

After the Hundred Years' War, the royal power in France strengthened, and there was a desire to subdue the powerful feudal lords and unify the country. King Louis XI had to wage wars against the nobility, especially with Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy. Louis was a visionary politician who sought to unite the country and strengthen his own power by using all means to achieve his goals. As a result, Louis succeeded by turning Charles's enemies against him, and eventually, Burgundy was annexed to the royal domain. The next stage was centralization, which involved the real subordination of the unified territory under the sole authority of the king. Feudal lords generally retained their possessions but lost their previous independence. Taxes for maintaining a standing army and officials were sharply increased. The king no longer needed the constant support of the estates, and during his reign, he convened the Estates General only once.

Goals of the Kings in their Struggle against Feudal Lords

The kings in their struggle against feudal lords aimed to centralize power and establish their authority over the unified territory. They sought to reduce the independence of the feudal lords and increase their own control over the country. By subduing the feudal lords, the kings aimed to strengthen their position as the sole authority and reduce the influence of the nobility. This allowed the kings to implement their policies more effectively and consolidate their power.

Methods Used by the Kings in their Struggle against Feudal Lords

The kings used various methods and means in their struggle against feudal lords. Some of the methods employed include:

1. Military Campaigns: Kings waged wars against powerful feudal lords to assert their authority and bring them under control. These military campaigns aimed to weaken the feudal lords and establish the king's dominance over them.

2. Political Manipulation: Kings engaged in political maneuvering and manipulation to turn the enemies of the feudal lords against them. By exploiting rivalries and conflicts among the nobility, the kings were able to weaken the feudal lords and consolidate their own power.

3. Taxation: Kings increased taxes on the feudal lords to reduce their wealth and resources. This not only weakened the feudal lords economically but also allowed the kings to finance their own military and administrative apparatus.

4. Centralization of Power: The kings aimed to centralize power by establishing a strong central government and reducing the independence of the feudal lords. They implemented administrative reforms and appointed loyal officials to ensure their control over the territories.

Results of the Struggle between Kings and Feudal Lords

The struggle between kings and feudal lords resulted in several outcomes:

1. Centralization of Power: The kings were successful in centralizing power and establishing their authority over the unified territory. The feudal lords lost their previous independence and became more dependent on the king's favor.

2. Weakening of Feudal Lords: The power and influence of the feudal lords were significantly reduced. They retained their possessions but had to submit to the authority of the king and follow his directives.

3. Increased Royal Control: The kings gained greater control over the country and its resources. They were able to implement their policies more effectively and consolidate their power.

4. Strengthening of the Monarchy: The struggle against feudal lords contributed to the strengthening of the monarchy in France. The kings became the sole authority and were less reliant on the support of the estates.

Overall, the kings' struggle against feudal lords in France aimed to centralize power, reduce the independence of the nobility, and establish the king's authority over the unified territory. Through military campaigns, political manipulation, taxation, and centralization, the kings were able to achieve their goals and strengthen the monarchy in France