Question

Сколько лет просуществовали государства крестоносцев?Почему эпоха крестовых походов совпадает с эпохой могущества папской власти в Западной Европе?Почему мусульманам удалось уничтожить завоевания крестоносцев?

Answer 1

123 года,и 1 день.Такие дела

Answer 2

1) 123 года.
2) Разорвали отношение с восточной православной церквей, и подавили еретики. И много других факторов.
На третье ответить не могу...

Answer 3

Duration of the Crusader States

The Crusader States were a series of feudal states established by European Christian armies during the Crusades in the Middle East. These states existed for a significant period of time, although their duration varied depending on the specific state. The most prominent Crusader States included the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem, which was the most important Crusader State, existed for approximately 88 years, from its establishment in 1099 after the First Crusade until its final collapse in 1187 following the Battle of Hattin and the subsequent Muslim reconquest led by Saladin.

The County of Tripoli lasted for about 189 years, from its establishment in 1109 until its fall in 1289 to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.

The Principality of Antioch, located in present-day Turkey, existed for approximately 184 years, from its establishment in 1098 until its capture by the Mamluks in 1268.

The County of Edessa, the first Crusader State to be established, lasted for a relatively short period of time. It was founded in 1098 and fell to the Seljuk Turks in 1144, lasting for about 46 years.

It is important to note that these durations are approximate and can vary depending on the specific events and sources considered.

Connection between the Crusades and Papal Power in Western Europe

The era of the Crusades coincided with a period of significant papal power and influence in Western Europe. The papacy, or the office of the Pope, experienced a period of increased authority and control during the High Middle Ages, which overlapped with the Crusades.

There are several reasons why the Crusades and the papal power in Western Europe coincided:

1. Religious Motivation: The Crusades were religiously motivated military campaigns launched by the Catholic Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. The Pope played a central role in promoting and organizing these campaigns, as they were seen as holy wars sanctioned by the Church.

2. Papal Authority: The Pope, as the head of the Catholic Church, held significant authority and influence over the rulers and nobles of Western Europe. The Crusades provided an opportunity for the Pope to exercise and expand his authority by rallying Christian forces under his leadership and promoting the idea of a united Christendom.

3. Papal Legitimization: The Pope played a crucial role in legitimizing the Crusades by granting indulgences, which were pardons for sins, to those who participated in the campaigns. This further enhanced the Pope's authority and influence over the faithful.

4. Papal Control over Crusader States: The establishment and governance of the Crusader States in the Middle East also provided the Pope with a significant degree of control and influence over these territories. The Pope appointed and supported rulers in the Crusader States, further consolidating his power.

It is important to note that while the Crusades were closely associated with the papal power in Western Europe, they were not solely driven by religious motivations. Economic, political, and social factors also played a role in the Crusades.

Muslim Success in Overcoming the Crusader States

The Muslim forces eventually succeeded in overcoming the Crusader States and reclaiming the territories they had established. Several factors contributed to the Muslim success:

1. Unity and Leadership: The Muslim forces, particularly under the leadership of Saladin, were able to unite various factions and rulers against the Crusaders. Saladin's military and strategic skills played a crucial role in the success of the Muslim forces.

2. Internal Conflicts among Crusaders: The Crusader States faced internal conflicts and divisions, which weakened their ability to resist the Muslim forces. Rivalries between different European factions, as well as conflicts between the Crusaders and local populations, undermined their unity and strength.

3. Muslim Counterattacks: The Muslim forces launched counterattacks and sieges against the Crusader States, gradually weakening their defenses and capturing key strongholds. The decisive Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Saladin defeated the Crusader army, marked a turning point in the Muslim reconquest of the Holy Land.

4. Lack of Continuous Support: The Crusader States relied heavily on support from Western Europe, both in terms of military reinforcements and financial resources. However, over time, the enthusiasm and support for the Crusades waned in Europe, making it increasingly difficult for the Crusader States to sustain themselves.

It is important to note that the fall of the Crusader States was not solely due to the military prowess of the Muslim forces. Political, economic, and strategic factors also played a significant role in their ultimate demise.

Overall, the Crusader States existed for a significant period of time, overlapping with a period of papal power in Western Europe. However, the Muslim forces eventually succeeded in reclaiming the territories, leading to the collapse of the Crusader States.