Question

Изменения 18 века в театре и музыке

Answer 1

Жёсткие границы творчества, стандартный набор тем и художественных средств. 
Интересам власти соответствовала тематика пьес, призывающих сделать нравственный выбор в пользу общественных интересов, то есть интересов вышестоящих персон и подчиняться действующим правилам. 
В то же время появлялись комедии. В них могли высмеиваться такие пороки как невежество и глупость. Наиболее выдающимся явлением этого направления стали комедии Д. И. Фонвизина («Недоросль» и «Бригадир») . 
Если средневековый театр был забавой простонародья, говоря современным языком, явлением массовой культуры, то в восемнадцатом столетии театр – элитарное искусство, предназначенное для представителей высшего сословия. 
До середины века функционируют только домашние или придворные 
(Эрмитажный театр в Петербурге) заведения. На их сценах играют крепостные 
актёры и уже тогда актёрская профессия была зависимой . 
Первые публичные драматические театры в России появляются лишь в 50-ых 
годах 18 века, в Москве и Петербурге.

Answer 2

Changes in Theater in the 18th Century

The 18th century brought significant changes to the world of theater. These changes were influenced by various factors, including social, cultural, and technological advancements. Let's explore some of the key changes that occurred during this period.

1. Emergence of Neoclassicism: Neoclassicism was a dominant artistic movement in the 18th century that emphasized the revival of classical Greek and Roman aesthetics. In theater, neoclassical principles led to the development of a more structured and formal style of playwriting. Playwrights adhered to the three unities of time, place, and action, and focused on moral themes and the portrayal of noble characters.

2. Rise of Sentimentalism: Alongside neoclassicism, sentimentalism gained popularity in the 18th century. Sentimental plays aimed to evoke strong emotions in the audience, often focusing on themes of love, family, and virtue. These plays emphasized the power of sentiment and appealed to the audience's emotions.

3. Theatrical Reforms: The 18th century saw significant reforms in theater production. One notable reform was the introduction of gas lighting, which replaced candles and oil lamps, allowing for better visibility on stage. The use of painted backdrops and elaborate stage machinery also became more common, enhancing the visual spectacle of performances.

4. Expansion of Theater Audience: The 18th century witnessed a growing middle class and an increase in urbanization. This led to a larger and more diverse theater audience. Theaters became more accessible to a wider range of social classes, and performances catered to the tastes and interests of this expanding audience.

5. The Influence of Commedia dell'arte: Commedia dell'arte, an Italian form of improvisational theater, continued to have a significant impact on European theater during the 18th century. Its stock characters and comedic style influenced the development of new genres, such as the English pantomime and the French farce.

Changes in Music in the 18th Century

The 18th century was a period of great innovation and transformation in the field of music. Here are some of the key changes that occurred during this time:

1. The Baroque Era: The 18th century began with the final years of the Baroque era, characterized by elaborate and ornate musical compositions. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel were prominent figures during this period, creating masterpieces in various musical forms, including opera, oratorio, and instrumental music.

2. The Classical Era: The 18th century also marked the transition from the Baroque era to the Classical era. This period saw the emergence of composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, and Ludwig van Beethoven. The Classical era was characterized by a shift towards simpler and more balanced musical compositions, with a focus on clarity, elegance, and emotional expression.

3. The Development of Opera: Opera continued to flourish in the 18th century, with composers exploring new forms and styles. The opera seria, a serious and heroic form of opera, remained popular, but new genres such as opera buffa (comic opera) also gained prominence. Composers like Mozart contributed significantly to the development of opera during this period.

4. The Rise of Instrumental Music: The 18th century witnessed a growing emphasis on instrumental music. Composers composed symphonies, concertos, and sonatas for various instruments, showcasing virtuosity and technical skill. The symphony, in particular, became a popular form of orchestral composition, with composers like Haydn and Beethoven making significant contributions to its development.

5. The Spread of Music Education: In the 18th century, music education became more accessible to a wider range of people. Music schools and conservatories were established, providing formal training to aspiring musicians. This led to the development of a professional class of musicians and contributed to the overall advancement of musical knowledge and skills.

These are just a few of the many changes that occurred in theater and music during the 18th century. The period was marked by innovation, experimentation, and the emergence of new artistic movements, setting the stage for further developments in the centuries to come.