Question

Быт и традиции казахов в 15-17 века

Answer 1

Культура казахов в XVI-XVII вв .В это время сложились своеобразное устное народное творчество, устная и письменная литература, оригинальное музыкальное искусство. С XIX в. началось постепенное разрушение духовных ценностей казахского общества, традиционной казахской культуры. XVIв - время особенного расцвета казахской литературы - известно как эпоха жырау. Жырау были поэтами-импровизаторами, авторами песен-толгау-размышлений и наставлений в стихах. Нередко жырау были видными политическими деятелями, советниками ханов, главами родов, военачальниками. //Одним из наиболее известных и почитаемых среди казахов жырау был Казтуган Суюншиулы. Большой след в культуре казахского народа оставил Шалгез жырау Тиленшиулы (1465-1560). //Особой популярностью в XVIII в. пользовался Бухар Кал-каманулы (1668-1781). Бухар жырау был одним из влиятельных биев при Тауке хане и Абылае. Он автор большого количества песен, посвященных единству государства, защите его от внешних врагов.// У казахов была развита письменная традиция. Основные жанры литературных произведений - религиозные и исторические труды. Эти произведения носили религиозный характер, содержали ряд сведений этнографического и исторического характера. Сочинение «Тарихи Рашиди» на персидском языке, посвящено истории Могулистана и Казахского ханства. Автор его Мухаммед Хайдар из племени дулат Старшего жуза. //Таким образом, устная и письменная литература получает дальнейшее развитие и обогащение в период XV-начала Х1Хвв. Она была преемственно связана с культурой предыдущего времени, послужила базой, основой для дальнейшего развития казахской национальной литературы.//Песни. В XV-XVII вв. широко развивалось разножанровое казахское устное народное творчество. Особое место занимали обрядовые песни, которые исполнялись при рождении ребенка, свадьбах, во время болезни, после смерти человека, на поминках, при встрече нового года. Сказки и эпос. Одним из жанров устного творчества являются сказки. Сказочный репертуар казахов богато и разнообразно отражает жизнь народа. //Историко-культурные процессы непосредственно связаны с социально-экономическим развитием населения. Кочевое скотоводство и орошаемое земледелие создали основу единой культуры племен Казахстана. Значительное влияние на культуру казахского народа оказывала культура соседних народов, особенно Поволжья, Сибири и Средней Азии. Заметный след оставила также в Казахстане мусульманская культура. Таким образом, в XV - начале XIX в Казахстане функционировала единая культура, которая базировалась на лучших традициях культуры древних племен казахских степей.

Answer 2

Byt and Traditions of the Kazakhs in the 15th-17th Centuries

The Kazakhs in the 15th-17th centuries had a distinct way of life and traditions that shaped their society. Here are some key aspects of their byt (everyday life) and traditions during this period:

Nomadic Lifestyle: The Kazakhs were primarily nomadic pastoralists, relying on animal husbandry for their livelihood. They moved with their herds of livestock, such as horses, sheep, and camels, in search of grazing lands.

Tribal Organization: Kazakh society was organized into tribes, with each tribe having its own leader or khan. The tribes were further divided into clans, known as zhuz, which were based on kinship ties. The zhuz played a crucial role in social and political organization.

Oral Tradition and Epic Poetry: The Kazakhs had a rich oral tradition, with storytelling and epic poetry being an integral part of their culture. Epic poems, known as dastans, were recited by bards called akyns, who preserved the history, legends, and values of the Kazakh people through their performances.

Hunting and Warfare: Hunting and warfare were important activities for the Kazakhs. They were skilled horsemen and hunters, using bows and arrows for hunting and warfare. The Kazakhs had a warrior culture and were known for their bravery and horsemanship.

Social Customs and Etiquette: The Kazakhs had a set of social customs and etiquette that governed their interactions. Hospitality was highly valued, and guests were treated with great respect and generosity. Traditional Kazakh hospitality, known as kuday turaly, involved offering food, shelter, and protection to guests.

Traditional Clothing: The traditional clothing of the Kazakhs in the 15th-17th centuries reflected their nomadic lifestyle and the harsh climate of the region. Men wore long robes called chapan, made of fur or felt, and high-crowned hats called kalpak. Women wore long dresses called shapan, adorned with embroidery and jewelry.

Religion and Beliefs: The Kazakhs practiced a form of Islam influenced by their nomadic traditions and pre-Islamic beliefs. Shamanism also played a role in their spiritual practices, with shamans acting as intermediaries between the human and spirit worlds. Islamic rituals and customs coexisted with traditional Kazakh beliefs.

Trade and Commerce: The Kazakhs engaged in trade and commerce, both within their own communities and with neighboring regions. They traded livestock, animal products, and other goods such as furs, textiles, and handicrafts. Trade routes connected the Kazakh steppe with other parts of Central Asia and beyond.

Family and Kinship: Family and kinship ties were of utmost importance in Kazakh society. The extended family, known as a zhuz, formed the basic unit of social organization. Respect for elders and the authority of the family patriarch were central to Kazakh family life.

It's important to note that the information provided is based on search snippets and may not cover all aspects of the Kazakh byt and traditions in the 15th-17th centuries. Further research from reliable sources is recommended for a comprehensive understanding of this topic.

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