Question

История Средних веков 6 КЛАСС. СРОЧНО ПОМОГИТЕ ПОЖАЛУЙСТА. ПАРАГРАФ1. 1. Составьте схему управления Фракским королевством при Хлодвиге. 2. Каие перемены произошли у франков в их обществе и управлении после завоевания Галии? 3. Какими путями рядовой свободный человек мог попасть в зависимость от знати? Почему это происходило? 4. Объясните смысл военной реформы Карла Мартелла. К какими изменениями во франкском обществе она привела? 5. Почему ов Франском государстве к власти пришла новая династия? 6. Как возникла Папская область?

Answer 1

1. Королю подчинялись графы и дружина. Графы, в свою очередь, могли поднимать ополчение в случае войны, и управляли отдельными территориями.

2. Новой традицией стало наследование в виде равного раздела. После смерти короля несколько его сыновей делили государство на части. Так, сначала франкское государство расширилось до северной Италии, границ Германии и Испании, затем было разделено по Верденскому договору.

3. Свободный человек мог попасть в долговую яму, и за долги стать зависимым.

4. Введение бенефициев решило сразу несколько проблем. С одной стороны, появилась тяжелая феодальная конница - рыцарство, которое резко увеличило мощь франкского войска. С другой стороны, появилась возможность прекратить безусловную раздачу земель в аллоды и начать выдавать бенефиции (позднее - феоды), которые закрепляли зависимость вассала от сеньора. Возможность давать феоды - субинфеодация - появилась позднее и у графов, из-за чего возникла феодальная лестница, или ленно-вассальная система.

5. Меровинги ослабли, так как делили власть между сыновьями и постепенно полностью отстранились от управления государством. Майордом Франкского королевства Пипин Короткий установил власть над всей территорией Франкии, и короновался королём.

6. Папская область возникла в результате передачи королем Пипином земли Папе Римскому. Эту землю король отвоевал у лангобардов, нападавших на Рим и Равенну.

Answer 2

Paragraph 1: The Frankish Kingdom under Clovis

1. The Frankish Kingdom under Clovis was governed through a system of absolute monarchy. Clovis, as the king, held all the power and made all the important decisions. He was the supreme authority in the kingdom.

Paragraph 2: Changes in Frankish Society and Governance after the Conquest of Gaul

2. After the conquest of Gaul, the Franks underwent significant changes in their society and governance. Some of the key changes include:

- Integration of Roman administrative practices: The Franks adopted certain administrative practices from the Romans, such as the use of written laws and the establishment of administrative divisions called "counties" or "pagi." - Christianization of the Franks: Clovis converted to Christianity and made it the official religion of the Frankish Kingdom. This led to the spread of Christianity among the Frankish population and the influence of the Church in governance. - Feudalism: The conquest of Gaul brought about the emergence of feudalism in the Frankish Kingdom. Feudalism was a social and economic system based on the exchange of land for military service and loyalty. The king granted land to his loyal nobles, who in turn provided military support and other services. - Decentralization of power: The Frankish Kingdom became decentralized, with local nobles gaining more autonomy and power in their respective territories. This led to the fragmentation of the kingdom and the rise of regional rulers.

Paragraph 3: Paths to Dependence on the Nobility and Reasons for it

3. In Frankish society, an ordinary free person could become dependent on the nobility through various paths. Some of the paths to dependence included:

- Land tenure: Land was a crucial source of wealth and power in Frankish society. Ordinary free people who did not own land could become dependent on the nobility by working on their lands as serfs or tenants. - Military service: Serving in the military was another way for an ordinary free person to become dependent on the nobility. Those who served as warriors or knights under a noble would often receive land or other privileges in return. - Economic ties: Ordinary free people could also become economically dependent on the nobility through various economic relationships, such as borrowing money or working as craftsmen or laborers for the nobles.

The reasons for this dependence on the nobility included the need for protection, economic opportunities, and social stability. The nobility provided protection and security in a time of frequent conflicts and invasions. They also controlled the majority of the land and resources, making them the primary source of economic opportunities. Additionally, the nobility played a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability in Frankish society.

Paragraph 4: The Military Reforms of Charles Martel and their Impact on Frankish Society

4. The military reforms of Charles Martel, also known as the "Hammer," had significant implications for Frankish society. Charles Martel implemented several reforms to strengthen the Frankish military and centralize power. Some of the key aspects of his military reforms include:

- Creation of a standing army: Charles Martel established a standing army, which consisted of professional soldiers who were paid and trained year-round. This allowed the Franks to have a more organized and efficient military force. - Expansion of royal authority: Through his military successes, Charles Martel expanded the authority of the Frankish monarchy. He gained more control over the nobility and increased the centralization of power. - Increased social mobility: The military reforms of Charles Martel provided opportunities for social mobility. Commoners who served in the army could rise through the ranks and gain higher social status and privileges.

These military reforms led to a stronger Frankish military, increased royal authority, and a more centralized governance structure. They also contributed to the consolidation of power within the Frankish monarchy.

Paragraph 5: The Rise of a New Dynasty in the Frankish Kingdom

5. The Frankish Kingdom saw the rise of a new dynasty when the Carolingians came to power. The Carolingian dynasty was established by Charles Martel's son, Pepin the Short, and reached its peak under Pepin's son, Charlemagne. The reasons for the rise of the Carolingians and the fall of the Merovingian dynasty include:

- Military prowess: The Carolingians, particularly Charles Martel and Charlemagne, were successful military leaders who expanded the Frankish Kingdom through conquests and military campaigns. Their military successes contributed to their rise in power and the decline of the Merovingians. - Support from the Church: The Carolingians had the support of the Church, which played a significant role in their rise to power. The Church saw the Carolingians as strong defenders of Christianity and supported their claims to the throne. - Political instability: The Merovingian dynasty faced political instability and internal conflicts, which weakened their rule and made them vulnerable to challenges from other noble families. The Carolingians capitalized on this instability and successfully seized power.

Paragraph 6: The Origins of the Papal States

6. The Papal States, also known as the Papal States of the Church, emerged as a political entity in the 8th century. The origins of the Papal States can be traced back to the donation of Pepin the Short, the son of Charles Martel and the first Carolingian king, to the Pope. In 756, Pepin the Short granted the Pope a large territory in central Italy, known as the Donation of Pepin. This territory formed the basis of the Papal States, which were under the direct control of the Pope and served as a temporal domain for the Papacy.

The establishment of the Papal States gave the Pope political and territorial power, making him not only the spiritual leader of the Catholic Church but also a temporal ruler. The Papal States played a significant role in the political landscape of medieval Europe and remained in existence until the 19th century.

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