Question

Назовите группировки, участвовавшие в английской революции на разных её этапах, определите их цели. Сравните эти цели с результатами английской революции и сделайте выводы.

Answer 1

В январе 1642 г. произошел разрыв между королем и парламентом. Король отверг "Великую ремонстрацию" 1641 г. , содержавшую перечень злоупотреблений королевской власти. "Великая ремонстраиия" ("Grand Remonstrance") подразумевала:

- отмену всех незаконных налогов;

- запрет на сбор налогов без согласия парламента;

- сосредоточение финансов в руках парламента;

- упразднение судов по политическим и религиозным делам;

- принятие "Трехгодичного билля" (Three Years' Bill), обязавшего короля собирать парламент каждые 3 года.

Ремонстрация была утверждена большинством членов парламента против воли короля. Парламент раскололся на сторонников короля (роялистов) и противников ("круглоголовых"). Карл I уехал в Шотландию с целью собрать войско. Началась гражданская война.

II этап. Первая гражданская война (1642-1646).

Первая гражданская война (1642—1646) между революционной армией парламента и армией короля. Закончилась победой армии короля. Армия парламента состояла из добровольцев и не могла противостоять королю.

III этап. Реформы армии парламента. Поражение короля

(1645—1649). В январе 1645 г. Палата общин принят план реорганизации армии, к тому же в парламенте и его армии большое влияние приобрел Оливер Кромвель (1599-1658), выходец из среды "нового дворянства". Основными изменениями в армии парламента были:

- введение единоначалия и дисциплины;

- привлечение для участия в освободительной борьбе широких народных слоев,

- появление железных лат (солдаты парламента получили прозвище "железнобокие");

- привлечение в армию пресвитериан (наиболее умеренная религиозная группировка пуритан. Выступали за независимую от государства церковь).

Answer 2

Groups Involved in the English Revolution

The English Revolution, also known as the English Civil War, took place in the 17th century and involved various groups with different goals. Here are some of the key groups that participated in different stages of the English Revolution:

1. Parliamentarians: The Parliamentarians, also known as the Roundheads, were supporters of the English Parliament and opposed the absolute rule of the monarchy. They consisted of members of Parliament, Puritans, and other reform-minded individuals. Their main goal was to limit the power of the monarchy and establish a constitutional government.

2. Royalists: The Royalists, also known as the Cavaliers, were supporters of King Charles I and the monarchy. They believed in the divine right of kings and opposed any attempts to limit the king's power. Their goal was to maintain the authority of the monarchy and preserve the traditional social and political order.

3. Levellers: The Levellers were a radical political movement that emerged during the English Revolution. They advocated for political and social equality, universal suffrage, and religious freedom. The Levellers believed in the rights of the common people and sought to create a more democratic society.

4. Diggers: The Diggers, also known as the True Levellers, were a group of agrarian communists who believed in the common ownership of land. They sought to establish self-sufficient communities where land was held in common and all individuals had equal access to its resources.

5. Presbyterians: The Presbyterians were a religious group that sought to establish a Presbyterian system of church governance in England. They believed in a representative form of church government and opposed the hierarchical structure of the Anglican Church. The Presbyterians played a significant role in the early stages of the English Revolution but lost influence as the conflict progressed.

Goals of the Groups

Each group involved in the English Revolution had different goals and aspirations:

- The Parliamentarians aimed to limit the power of the monarchy, establish a constitutional government, and protect the rights and privileges of Parliament. - The Royalists sought to maintain the authority of the monarchy, preserve the traditional social and political order, and uphold the divine right of kings. - The Levellers aimed to achieve political and social equality, universal suffrage, and religious freedom. - The Diggers aimed to establish self-sufficient communities based on common ownership of land and equal access to resources. - The Presbyterians sought to establish a Presbyterian system of church governance and reform the Anglican Church.

Results of the English Revolution

The English Revolution had significant consequences and shaped the future of England:

- The execution of King Charles I in 1649 marked the first time in history that a reigning monarch was put on trial and executed by his own subjects. This event symbolized the triumph of Parliament over the monarchy and established the precedent that the monarch's power was subject to the will of the people. - The establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell's leadership marked a brief period of republican rule. However, Cromwell's rule was characterized by authoritarianism and the suppression of dissent. - The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in the overthrow of King James II and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. This event further limited the power of the monarchy and laid the foundation for modern parliamentary democracy in England.

Conclusion

The English Revolution involved various groups with different goals, ranging from limiting the power of the monarchy to advocating for political and social equality. While the revolution did not fully achieve all the goals of these groups, it had a profound impact on the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament. The execution of King Charles I and the subsequent establishment of the Commonwealth of England marked significant milestones in the struggle for political reform. Ultimately, the English Revolution paved the way for the development of constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy in England.