Question

Когда и в связи с чем имели место попытки ограничения самодержавной власти в России?

Answer 1

Народовольцы, декабристы.
Основа - неумение и нежелание делегировать полномочия.

Answer 2

Attempts to Limit Autocratic Power in Russia

In Russia, there were several attempts to limit autocratic power throughout its history. These attempts were often driven by various factors, including social, political, and economic changes. Here are some notable instances:

1. The Decembrist Revolt (1825): The Decembrist Revolt was an uprising by a group of Russian military officers who sought to establish a constitutional monarchy and limit the power of the autocracy. The revolt was a response to the death of Emperor Alexander I and the ascension of his brother Nicholas I, who was seen as a conservative and oppressive ruler. The revolt was ultimately suppressed, and its leaders were either executed or exiled.

2. The Great Reforms (1855-1881): Under the reign of Tsar Alexander II, Russia experienced a period of significant reforms aimed at modernizing the country and addressing some of the social and political issues. These reforms included the emancipation of the serfs, the establishment of local self-government bodies (zemstvos), judicial reforms, and the expansion of education. While these reforms did not fully limit autocratic power, they marked a significant step towards modernization and the recognition of individual rights.

3. The Revolution of 1905: The Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass protests, strikes, and uprisings that swept across Russia. The revolution was sparked by a combination of factors, including economic hardship, political repression, and the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The demands of the revolutionaries included the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, and the limitation of autocratic power. In response to the revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which promised civil liberties and the creation of a legislative assembly (Duma).

4. The February Revolution (1917): The February Revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and the establishment of a provisional government in Russia. The revolution was triggered by a series of protests and strikes, fueled by discontent with the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II, food shortages, and the hardships of World War I. The provisional government initially aimed to establish a democratic system and limit autocratic power. However, it faced challenges from various political factions and was eventually overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution later that year.

5. The Russian Revolution (1917): The Russian Revolution led by the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, resulted in the establishment of a socialist government and the end of the autocratic rule in Russia. The Bolsheviks aimed to create a communist society and abolish the autocratic system. The revolution marked a significant shift in power and the establishment of the Soviet Union.

It is important to note that these attempts to limit autocratic power in Russia were influenced by various factors and often occurred in the context of broader social, political, and economic changes. The success and long-term impact of these attempts varied, and the autocratic system was eventually replaced by different forms of government.