Question

что такое мануфактура?чем российские мануфактуры отличались от заподноевропейских?

Answer 1

Мануфактура — большое предприятие, где в основном применялся ручной труд наемных рабочих и широко использовалось разделние труда.

 

Российская мануфактура развивалась в условиях господства феодально-крепостнических отношений, поэтому она существенно отличалась от мануфактуры западноевропейской. Если на западноевропейской мануфактуре применялся вольнонаемный труд, то русская мануфактура основывалась на принудительном крепостном труде, так как рынок вольнонаемного труда в России был узок. Чтобы обеспечить деятельность мануфактур, государство приписывало к ним черносошных крестьян. Использовался труд вольнонаемных, причем, число их неуклонно росло. В вольнонаемные шли посадские люди, черносошные и частновладельческие крестьяне, беглые, "гулящие люди"

Answer 2

What is a manufactory?

A manufactory, also known as a manufacturing plant or factory, is a facility where goods are produced on a large scale using machinery and labor. It is typically characterized by the division of labor, with different workers specializing in specific tasks or stages of production. Manufactory systems emerged during the Industrial Revolution and played a crucial role in the development of modern industrial economies.

How did Russian manufactories differ from Western European ones?

Russian manufactories differed from Western European ones in several ways. Here are some key differences:

1. Timing: The development of manufactories in Russia lagged behind that of Western Europe. While Western Europe experienced the rise of manufactories during the 18th century, Russia's industrialization process started later, in the 19th century.

2. Technology: Russian manufactories generally had less advanced technology compared to their Western European counterparts. This was partly due to the slower adoption of technological innovations in Russia and the limited availability of skilled labor and capital.

3. State Involvement: The Russian government played a significant role in the establishment and operation of manufactories. State-owned enterprises were common in Russia, and the government provided financial support and protection to these enterprises. In contrast, Western European manufactories were often privately owned and operated.

4. Labor Conditions: The labor conditions in Russian manufactories were often harsh, with long working hours and low wages. This was partly due to the prevalence of serfdom in Russia until its abolition in 1861. Serfs, who were tied to the land and had limited rights, were often employed in manufactories and faced exploitative working conditions.

5. Product Range: Russian manufactories initially focused on producing basic goods such as textiles, metalwork, and ceramics. Western European manufactories, on the other hand, had a more diverse range of products and were at the forefront of technological advancements in industries such as machinery, textiles, and iron production.

It's important to note that these differences are generalizations and may not apply to every manufactory in Russia or Western Europe. Industrial development varied across regions and time periods, and there were exceptions to these general trends.

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