Question

Как изменилась политическая система Российской империи после октября 1905г? Сравните ее с политическими системами,существовавшими в то время в ведущих западноевропейских державах

Answer 1

Россия начала движение к конституционной монархии и правовому государству. Создались гос. думы , провозгласили свободу слова , реформы столыпины
в Великобритании была - парламентская монархия
в Германии и в Австро-Венгрии - конституционные монархии 

Answer 2

Changes in the Political System of the Russian Empire after October 1905

After the events of October 1905, which included the Bloody Sunday massacre and widespread strikes and protests, the political system of the Russian Empire underwent significant changes. These changes were primarily aimed at addressing the grievances of the Russian people and reducing the absolute power of the monarchy.

1. The October Manifesto: In response to the mass protests and strikes, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto on October 17, 1905. The manifesto promised civil liberties, including freedom of speech, assembly, and association, as well as the establishment of an elected legislative body called the State Duma.

2. Creation of the State Duma: The State Duma was established as a representative body with limited legislative powers. It consisted of elected representatives from various social groups, including the nobility, bourgeoisie, and peasantry. Although the Tsar retained significant power, the creation of the Duma marked a significant shift towards a more constitutional monarchy.

3. Fundamental Laws: In April 1906, the Fundamental Laws were enacted, which defined the powers of the Tsar and the State Duma. According to these laws, the Tsar retained the power to dissolve the Duma, veto legislation, and appoint and dismiss ministers. However, the Duma had the authority to pass laws, approve the budget, and question the government.

4. Political Parties and Elections: The establishment of the State Duma allowed for the formation of political parties and the holding of elections. Various political parties emerged, representing different ideological and social groups, such as the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets), the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (which later split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks).

5. Expansion of Local Self-Government: Another significant change was the expansion of local self-government. Zemstvos, which were local administrative bodies, gained more power and became more representative. This allowed for greater participation of the Russian people in decision-making processes at the local level.

Comparison with Political Systems in Western European Powers at the Time

During the early 20th century, Western European powers had more developed and democratic political systems compared to the Russian Empire. Some key differences include:

1. Constitutional Monarchies: Many Western European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, had constitutional monarchies where the power of the monarch was limited by a constitution and a representative body, such as a parliament. In contrast, the Russian Empire was an absolute monarchy until the October Manifesto was issued.

2. Greater Parliamentary Powers: The legislative bodies in Western European countries had more significant powers compared to the Russian State Duma. For example, the British Parliament had the authority to pass laws, approve the budget, and question the government. In contrast, the Russian State Duma had limited legislative powers, and the Tsar retained significant control over the government.

3. Political Pluralism: Western European countries had a more diverse and developed political party system compared to the Russian Empire. Multiple political parties representing different ideologies and social groups existed in countries like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. In contrast, the Russian Empire had a more limited and less developed party system, with the State Duma being dominated by conservative and liberal parties.

4. Greater Civil Liberties: Western European countries generally had more extensive civil liberties and freedoms compared to the Russian Empire. Freedom of speech, assembly, and association were well-established in countries like the United Kingdom and France. While the October Manifesto introduced some civil liberties in the Russian Empire, the extent of these freedoms was still limited compared to Western European standards.

Overall, the political system of the Russian Empire after October 1905 underwent significant changes, including the establishment of the State Duma and the introduction of civil liberties. However, the political systems in Western European powers at the time were generally more developed, democratic, and representative compared to the Russian Empire.