Question

Итоги конференций в Генуе и Гааге в 1922 году?

Answer 1

Гаагская конференция — международная финансово-экономическая конференция в Гааге (Нидерланды), состоявшаяся 15 июня — 19 июля 1922 года по решению Генуэзской конференции 1922 года.
В работе Гаагской конференции участвовали представители государств — участников Генуэзской конференции, кроме Германии. Советскуюделегацию возглавлял М. М. Литвинов. В отличие от Генуэзской конференции, основными делегатами капиталистических государств на Гаагской конференции были главным образом представители деловых кругов (например, от Великобритании — министр по делам внешней торговли Ллойд-Грим и бывший директор правления Русско-Азиатского банка, бывший владелец Кыштымских и Ленских рудников Л. Уркварт; от Франции — директор Бюро защиты частной собственности французских граждан в России Альфан). Гаагская конференция должна была обсудить претензии капиталистических стран к Советскому государству, связанные с национализацией собственности иностранных капиталистов и аннулированием долгов царского и Временного правительств, и вопрос о кредитах Советской России. Представители капиталистических стран, отвергнув все предложения советской делегации, направленные к международному сотрудничеству, отказались обсудить на Гаагской конференции вопрос окредитах; они настаивали на возвращении национализированного имущества его бывшим владельцам. Эти требования советская делегация решительно отклонила. Гаагская конференция не приняла по существу никаких решений. (здесь материал + итоги)

Answer 2

The Genoa Conference of 1922

The Genoa Conference of 1922 was an international conference held in Genoa, Italy, from April 10 to May 19, 1922. The conference aimed to address the economic and political issues that arose after World War I. It was attended by representatives from 34 countries, including major powers such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany.

Key Points: - The Genoa Conference was organized to discuss post-war economic reconstruction, reparations, and the stabilization of currencies. - The conference was an attempt to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the Western powers, as well as to address the economic crisis in Europe. - The Soviet Union, which had recently emerged from the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, sought international recognition and economic assistance at the conference. - The conference was also an opportunity for Germany to negotiate its war reparations and seek financial assistance.

Outcomes of the Genoa Conference: - The conference resulted in the signing of several agreements and treaties, including the Genoa Protocol, which aimed to stabilize currencies and promote economic cooperation. - The Soviet Union gained diplomatic recognition from many Western countries, and trade agreements were signed between the Soviet Union and other nations. - However, the conference did not fully resolve the economic and political issues it set out to address. Disagreements between the Soviet Union and the Western powers, as well as conflicting national interests, hindered the effectiveness of the conference.

The Hague Conference of 1922

The Hague Conference of 1922, also known as the Conference for the Limitation of Armament, was held in The Hague, Netherlands, from November 15 to December 20, 1922. The conference aimed to address the issue of disarmament and prevent another arms race after World War I.

Key Points: - The conference was attended by representatives from nine major powers, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, and Germany. - The primary focus of the conference was to limit naval armaments, particularly battleships, and to establish guidelines for future disarmament negotiations. - The conference was a response to the naval arms race that had taken place before and during World War I, which had strained international relations and contributed to the outbreak of the war.

Outcomes of the Hague Conference: - The conference resulted in the signing of several treaties, including the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. This treaty limited the number and tonnage of battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers that each participating country could possess. - The Washington Naval Treaty also established a ratio system for naval armaments, which aimed to maintain a balance of power among the major naval powers. - The conference marked an important step towards disarmament and the regulation of armaments, although it did not completely eliminate the possibility of future conflicts.

In summary, the Genoa Conference of 1922 focused on post-war economic reconstruction and political issues, while the Hague Conference of 1922 aimed to limit naval armaments and prevent another arms race. Both conferences had significant outcomes, although they did not fully resolve the complex issues they set out to address.