Question

Выясните по учебнику отечественной истории,какие события происходили в 1980-Е -начале 1990-ых в СССР.Как они влияли на события 1989-1990 гг в восточноевропейских странах

Answer 1

1. Холодная война между СССР + союзники и США + их союзники (борьба между капиталистической и социалистической моделями государства)
2. Ракетно-ядерная гонка между СССР и США (цель: разработать более совершенные ядерные оружия и в большем количестве; последствия: чрезмерные военные расходы, увеличенный военно-промышленный комплекс)
3. Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности (8 декабря 1987 года встреча Горбачева и Рональда Рейгана в Вашингтоне, где был подписан этот договор)
4. Афганская война (1979 - 1989) 
5. Карабахский конфликт между Арменией и Азербайджаном

Я, надеюсь, хоть как-то помогла.

Answer 2

Events in the USSR in the 1980s and early 1990s

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Soviet Union (USSR) experienced significant political, social, and economic changes that ultimately led to its dissolution. These events had a profound impact on the events that unfolded in Eastern European countries in 1989-1990.

1. Economic Challenges and Reforms: - The USSR faced economic challenges, including a stagnant economy, inefficiencies in production, and a lack of consumer goods. - In the 1980s, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced a series of economic reforms known as perestroika, aimed at restructuring the Soviet economy and introducing elements of market-oriented policies. - However, these reforms faced difficulties and were not able to fully address the economic problems, leading to further economic decline and shortages.

2. Political Reforms and Glasnost: - Gorbachev also introduced political reforms, including greater openness and transparency known as glasnost, which allowed for more freedom of speech and expression. - These reforms led to increased public debate and criticism of the Soviet system, as well as a greater awareness of political and social issues.

3. Nationalist Movements and Independence Movements: - The 1980s saw a rise in nationalist movements within the Soviet republics, with demands for greater autonomy and independence. - These movements gained momentum and led to the declaration of independence by several Soviet republics, such as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, in the early 1990s.

4. Political Instability and the August Coup: - The political reforms and economic challenges created a sense of instability within the Soviet Union. - In August 1991, a group of hardline Communist Party members attempted a coup against Gorbachev's government, leading to a brief period of political uncertainty and tension. - The failure of the coup weakened the central authority of the Soviet government and further fueled the push for independence by the Soviet republics.

Influence on Events in Eastern European Countries in 1989-1990

The events in the USSR during the 1980s and early 1990s had a significant influence on the events that unfolded in Eastern European countries in 1989-1990. Here are some key points:

1. Inspiration for Democratic Movements: - The political reforms and the growing sense of openness in the USSR inspired democratic movements in Eastern European countries, leading to demands for political change and greater freedom. - The success of the movements in the USSR, such as the Baltic states' declaration of independence, served as an inspiration for similar movements in Eastern Europe.

2. Weakening of Soviet Influence: - The political instability and the weakening of the Soviet central authority following the August Coup undermined the Soviet Union's ability to exert control over Eastern European countries. - This created an opportunity for Eastern European countries to pursue their own political paths and seek independence from Soviet influence.

3. Fall of the Berlin Wall: - The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the end of the Cold War division in Europe, was a pivotal event that was influenced by the changes in the USSR. - The political reforms and the weakening of Soviet control contributed to the opening of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent reunification of East and West Germany.

4. Transition to Democracy: - The events in the USSR and the growing democratic movements in Eastern Europe led to the transition from communist regimes to democratic systems in many countries. - This transition involved the holding of free elections, the establishment of multiparty systems, and the adoption of market-oriented economic policies.

In conclusion, the events in the USSR in the 1980s and early 1990s, including economic challenges, political reforms, nationalist movements, and the August Coup, had a significant impact on the events that unfolded in Eastern European countries in 1989-1990. These events inspired democratic movements, weakened Soviet influence, led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, and facilitated the transition to democracy in Eastern Europe.