Question

Даю 30 баллов!! нужен полный развернутый ответ Формирование древнерусского государства. «Норманнская теория» и антинорманисты. Внешняя и внутренняя политика первых Рюриковичей ( От Рюрика до Владимира I Святославича)

Answer 1

Норманнская теория - это типо, государственность на Руси возникла только из-за того, что к славянам призвали скандинавов. А антинорманнская - это типо, славяне жили маленькими племенами и у каждого из них было подобие государственности. Рюрик (862-879) в 864 в Новгороде подавил восстание, котором были убиты его братья Синеус и Трувор. Вещий Олег (879-912) В 882 захватил власть в Киеве, убив в нем князей Аскольда и Дира, образовал Киевскую Русь. В 907 и 911 годых совершил удачные походы на Константинополь, итогами которых стали выгодные для Руси торговые договоры. Игорь Рюрикович (912-945) В 941 году решил повторить подвиги своего предшественника Олега, собрав поход на Византию, но был разгромлен греческим огнем.В 944 всё же удачно взял Константинополь, но мирный договор был менее удачным, чем у Вещего Олега. В 945 году был убит древлянами за повторный сбор дани с них. Ольга (945-969) Расправилась над древлянами, мстя за смерть своего мужа Игоря. Также установила четкий порядок сбора дани, провела налоговую реформу (ввела уроки, повозы, погосты). Святослав Игоревич (964-972) В 965 году разгромил Хазарский каганат. В 968-969 годах подчинил Болгарию. Был убит засадой печенегов в 972 году. Первая междоусобица на Руси (972-978) Ярополк убил своего брата Олега, Владимир убил своего брата Ярополка, мстя за брата Олега. Владимир Святославич (978-1015) 980-Языческая реформа, результаты никакие. В 988 году крестил Русь, укрепив свою власть.

Answer 2

Forming the Ancient Russian State

The formation of the ancient Russian state is a complex and debated topic. One theory, known as the "Norman Theory," suggests that the state was established by Scandinavian warriors known as the Varangians or Vikings. However, there is also a counter-theory called the "Anti-Normanist Theory" that challenges this perspective.

According to the Norman Theory, the Varangians, led by Rurik, arrived in the region of Novgorod in the 9th century and established a ruling dynasty known as the Rurik Dynasty. Rurik's successors, including Oleg, Igor, and Vladimir the Great, expanded their control over neighboring territories and laid the foundation for the Kievan Rus' state. This theory is supported by historical chronicles such as the Primary Chronicle, which mention the arrival of the Varangians and their role in the early state formation.

However, it is important to note that the Norman Theory is not without its critics.

The Anti-Normanist Theory

The Anti-Normanist Theory challenges the idea that the Varangians played a significant role in the formation of the ancient Russian state. Instead, it emphasizes the role of the local Slavic population in establishing political structures and argues that the Varangians were merely one of many influences.

Proponents of the Anti-Normanist Theory argue that the Varangians were not conquerors but rather traders and mercenaries who integrated into the existing Slavic society. They believe that the state formation process was a result of internal developments among the Slavic tribes, including the emergence of local rulers and the consolidation of power.

It is worth noting that the Anti-Normanist Theory has gained popularity in recent years, challenging the traditional narrative of the Norman Theory.

External and Internal Policies of the Early Rurik Dynasty

The early Rurik Dynasty, from Rurik to Vladimir I Sviatoslavich, played a crucial role in shaping the external and internal policies of the emerging Russian state.

External Policies: - Expansion: The early Rurik Dynasty sought to expand its territory and influence. Oleg, for example, extended the state's control over Kiev and established it as the capital. - Trade and Diplomacy: The rulers of the Rurik Dynasty engaged in trade and diplomatic relations with neighboring states, such as Byzantium and the Khazar Khaganate. - Military Campaigns: The early Rurik Dynasty conducted military campaigns to defend and expand its borders. For instance, Igor launched expeditions against neighboring tribes and territories.

Internal Policies: - Centralization of Power: The early Rurik Dynasty aimed to consolidate power and establish a centralized authority. They implemented administrative reforms and established a system of governance. - Christianization: Vladimir I Sviatoslavich played a significant role in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus'. He adopted Christianity as the state religion and promoted its spread throughout the realm. - Legal and Judicial Reforms: The early Rurik Dynasty introduced legal and judicial reforms to establish a system of justice and order within the state.

These policies laid the foundation for the further development of the Kievan Rus' state.

Conclusion

The formation of the ancient Russian state is a complex topic, with the Norman Theory and the Anti-Normanist Theory offering different perspectives. While the Norman Theory suggests that the Varangians played a significant role in state formation, the Anti-Normanist Theory emphasizes the role of the local Slavic population.

The early Rurik Dynasty, regardless of the theories, implemented various external and internal policies that shaped the emerging state. These policies included territorial expansion, trade and diplomacy, military campaigns, centralization of power, Christianization, and legal and judicial reforms.

It is important to note that the understanding of this period of history continues to evolve as new research and interpretations emerge.