Question

Докажите что к концу 13в Византия окончательно утратила своё могущество приведите не менее трёх примеров

Answer 1

Можно даже сказать, что не  концу , а к началу 13 века. Уже в 1204 году крестоносцами был захвачен Константинополь. Была провозглашена Латинская империя. Кроме того на территориях бывшей  Византии  образовались Никейская империя , Эпирское царство, Трапезудская империя - государства, образованные уже византийцами. В 1261 году Михаил Полеолог освободил Константинополь и реставрировал империю. Но фактически это уже была не прежняя Ромейская империя, а небольшое и не слишком богатое греческое царство. Тем  не   менее , государство до 1453 года просуществовало, пока не было взято Османами.

Answer 2

The Decline of Byzantium by the End of the 13th Century

By the end of the 13th century, the Byzantine Empire had significantly declined and lost much of its power and influence. This decline can be attributed to several factors. Let's explore three examples that illustrate the loss of Byzantium's power:

1. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): One significant event that contributed to the decline of Byzantium was the Fourth Crusade. Originally intended to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control, the Crusaders diverted their attention to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. In 1204, they successfully captured and sacked the city, leading to the establishment of the Latin Empire and the fragmentation of Byzantine territories.

2. Loss of Territory to the Ottoman Turks: Another factor that weakened Byzantium was the gradual loss of territory to the expanding Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Osman I and later his successors, steadily encroached upon Byzantine territories throughout the 13th century. The Battle of Bapheus in 1302 marked a significant Ottoman victory, further diminishing Byzantine control in Anatolia.

3. Economic and Social Challenges: Byzantium faced economic and social challenges that contributed to its decline. The empire struggled with financial difficulties, including heavy taxation and a declining economy. The loss of key trade routes, such as those in the Black Sea region, also had a negative impact on Byzantine commerce. Additionally, internal conflicts, political instability, and social unrest further weakened the empire.

These three examples demonstrate the gradual erosion of Byzantium's power and influence by the end of the 13th century. The Fourth Crusade, the loss of territory to the Ottoman Turks, and economic and social challenges all played significant roles in the decline of the Byzantine Empire.

Please note that the sources provided do not contain specific information related to the examples mentioned. However, the historical events mentioned are well-documented and widely accepted by historians.