Question

Почему русские марксисты не прислушивались к мнению К.Маркса?

Answer 1

Карл Маркс считал, что социалистическая революция произойдет в наиболее технически и технологически развитых странах со сплоченным рабочим классом, способным отстаивать свои права. 
По одному из основных постулатов марксизма, сопровождающему революционную ситуацию, было то, что "пролетариату нечего терять, кроме своих цепей". 
На рубеже 19-20 века этому соответствовало только положение пролетариата в Российской империи - самой технически и технологически отсталой европейской стране. В других европейских странах пролетарии уже обзавелись собственностью, и, поэтому, по мнению российских марксистов, им было "что терять" и они не могли совершить социалистическую революцию. А в России противоречия между рабочим классом и буржуазией обострялись, нужна была только политическая организация, способная сплотить и направить рабочий класс на революционный путь.

Answer 2

Russian Marxists and their Views on Karl Marx

Russian Marxists, like any other group of Marxists, had their own interpretations and perspectives on the ideas of Karl Marx. While it is difficult to generalize the views of all Russian Marxists, there are several factors that may help explain why some Russian Marxists did not always adhere strictly to Marx's opinions.

1. Historical Context: It is important to consider the historical context in which Russian Marxists operated. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent establishment of the Soviet Union brought about significant political, social, and economic changes. These changes influenced the development of Marxist theory and practice in Russia.

2. Adaptation to Russian Conditions: Russian Marxists often sought to adapt Marxist theory to the specific conditions of Russia. They believed that the Russian context required certain modifications and adjustments to Marx's ideas. This adaptation was influenced by factors such as the predominantly agrarian nature of Russian society, the presence of a large peasant population, and the autocratic political system.

3. Influence of Leninism: The emergence of Leninism as a distinct branch of Marxist thought in Russia also played a role in shaping the views of Russian Marxists. Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party and the architect of the Russian Revolution, developed his own interpretation of Marxism, known as Leninism. Lenin's ideas, particularly his theory of imperialism and his concept of the vanguard party, had a significant impact on the development of Marxist thought in Russia.

4. Evolution of Marxist Theory: Marxist theory is not static and has evolved over time. Marx himself acknowledged that his ideas were not meant to be dogmatic and that they should be subject to critical analysis and adaptation. Russian Marxists, like Marxists in other countries, engaged in debates and discussions about the interpretation and application of Marxist theory. This led to the development of various Marxist schools of thought, such as Trotskyism and Stalinism, which had their own perspectives on Marx's ideas.

5. Influence of Other Thinkers: Russian Marxists were also influenced by other thinkers and intellectual currents of their time. They drew on the works of Russian philosophers, economists, and political theorists, as well as international socialist and communist thinkers. These influences, combined with the unique historical circumstances in Russia, contributed to the development of distinct Russian Marxist perspectives.

It is important to note that while some Russian Marxists may not have always adhered strictly to Marx's opinions, this does not mean that they completely disregarded his ideas. Rather, they sought to adapt and apply Marxist theory to the specific conditions of Russia and to address the challenges they faced in their revolutionary struggle.