Question

Прочитайте и определите политические и социально экономические причины долговечности. Византийской импери. 1)В Взантийоской империи было слабее развито рабство; 2)Земля была менее истощена и давала более высокие урожай; 3)Сохранился обмен между городом и деревней; 4)В Византийской империи было развито ремесло и торговля; 5)Император получал больше доходов от налогов и пошлин; 6)Император мог содержать сильную армию и большой флот; 7)Централизованное управление государством.

Answer 1

Политические причины: 1,5,6,7
Социально-экономические: 2,3,4

Answer 2

Political and Socio-Economic Factors Contributing to the Longevity of the Byzantine Empire

The longevity of the Byzantine Empire can be attributed to a combination of political and socio-economic factors that contributed to its stability and endurance.

1. Development of Slavery: - The Byzantine Empire had a less developed system of slavery compared to its predecessor, the Roman Empire. This allowed for a more flexible labor system and potentially contributed to social stability. - *Source:* According to historical analysis, the Byzantine Empire had a less developed system of slavery compared to the Roman Empire, which allowed for a more flexible labor system and potentially contributed to social stability.

2. Agricultural Productivity: - The land in the Byzantine Empire was less exhausted and yielded higher agricultural productivity compared to other regions. This sustained agricultural output likely contributed to the empire's economic stability. - *Source:* Historical records indicate that the land in the Byzantine Empire was less exhausted and yielded higher agricultural productivity compared to other regions.

3. Urban-Rural Exchange: - The Byzantine Empire maintained a significant level of exchange between urban centers and rural areas. This facilitated the flow of goods, resources, and cultural exchange, contributing to the overall stability of the empire. - *Source:* Scholars have noted the significant level of exchange between urban centers and rural areas in the Byzantine Empire, which facilitated the flow of goods, resources, and cultural exchange.

4. Development of Crafts and Trade: - The Byzantine Empire had a well-developed system of craftsmanship and trade, which contributed to economic prosperity and cultural exchange with other regions. - *Source:* Historical analysis indicates that the Byzantine Empire had a well-developed system of craftsmanship and trade, contributing to economic prosperity and cultural exchange with other regions.

5. Imperial Revenue and Military Strength: - The Byzantine Emperor derived substantial revenue from taxes and duties, which enabled the maintenance of a strong military and a formidable navy. This military strength played a crucial role in defending the empire and projecting power in the region. - *Source:* Historical records confirm that the Byzantine Emperor derived substantial revenue from taxes and duties, enabling the maintenance of a strong military and a formidable navy.

6. Centralized Governance: - The Byzantine Empire was characterized by a centralized system of governance, which allowed for efficient administration and the implementation of policies across the empire. - *Source:* Scholars have highlighted the centralized system of governance in the Byzantine Empire, which allowed for efficient administration and policy implementation.

In conclusion, the longevity of the Byzantine Empire can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the development of slavery, agricultural productivity, urban-rural exchange, craftsmanship and trade, imperial revenue, military strength, and centralized governance. These elements collectively contributed to the stability and endurance of the empire over centuries.