Question

Докажите теорию норманистов и антинорманистов

Answer 1

Норма́нская тео́рия (нормани́зм) — направление в историографии, развивающее концепцию того, что народ-племя русьпроисходит из Скандинавии периода экспансии викингов, которых в Западной Европе называли норманнами.

Сторонники норманизма относят норманнов (варягов скандинавского происхождения) к основателям первых государстввосточных славян: Новгородской, а затем Киевской Руси. Фактически это следование историографической концепции Повести временных лет (начало XII века), дополненное идентификацией летописных варягов как скандинавов-норманнов. Вокругэтнической принадлежности варягов разгорелись основные споры, временами усиленные политической идеологизацией.

В российской и советской историографии норманизму традиционно противопоставляется антинорманизм, при этом обе концепции как отдельные существуют только в постсоветских странах. За рубежом обе считаются политизированными, в той или иной степени отрицающими полиэтническое происхождение и взаимовлияние культур славян, тюрок, алан, финно-угров, скандинавов, других этносов времени становления Древнерусского государства, и поэтому ненаучными. Работы зарубежных учёных иногда некорректно называют «антинорманистскими», если они подтверждают отдельные тезисы антинорманистов.

Антинормани́зм — направление в российской[1], советской и постсоветской историографии, сторонники которого отвергают и стараются опровергнутьнорманистические концепции происхождения первой правящей династии Руси и создания Древнерусского государства[2]. Не отрицая участия скандинавов в политических процессах на Руси, антинорманисты не признают существенности их влияния. Также антинорманизм распространен в псевдоисторических построениях (см. Фолк-хистори и Родноверие).

Answer 2

The Theory of the Normans

The theory of the Normans, also known as the Norman Conquest theory, is a historical hypothesis that suggests that the Norman invasion of England in 1066 had a significant and lasting impact on the English language, culture, and society. According to this theory, the Normans, who were of Viking origin but had adopted the French language and culture, brought about a profound transformation in England.

Norman Conquest Theory: The theory argues that the Norman invasion led to the adoption of French as the language of the English elite, the introduction of feudalism, changes in the legal system, and the development of a new aristocracy. It also suggests that the Norman influence had a lasting impact on the English language, resulting in the emergence of Middle English, which was a blend of Old English and Norman French.

Evidence supporting the Norman Conquest Theory: Proponents of the Norman Conquest theory point to several pieces of evidence to support their claims. One of the key pieces of evidence is the linguistic changes that occurred after the Norman invasion. The English language underwent significant changes, with a large number of French loanwords entering the vocabulary. This linguistic shift is seen as evidence of the influence of the Normans on the English language.

Another piece of evidence is the Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of England commissioned by William the Conqueror. The Domesday Book provides detailed information about land ownership, taxation, and the social structure of England after the Norman Conquest. It is considered a valuable historical document that supports the theory of Norman influence.

Criticism of the Norman Conquest Theory: Despite the evidence supporting the Norman Conquest theory, there are also critics who challenge its validity. These critics, known as anti-Normanists, argue that the impact of the Norman invasion on English society and language has been exaggerated.

Anti-Normanist Theory: The anti-Normanist theory suggests that the Norman influence on England was not as significant as claimed by the Norman Conquest theory. According to this theory, the changes that occurred after the Norman invasion were not due to a complete replacement of the English language and culture but rather a gradual assimilation of Norman and English elements. The anti-Normanists argue that the English language and culture remained resilient and continued to evolve, incorporating elements from both Norman and English traditions.

Evidence supporting the Anti-Normanist Theory: The anti-Normanist theory challenges the idea that the Norman invasion led to a complete replacement of the English language and culture. Critics argue that the linguistic changes observed after the Norman invasion can be attributed to various factors, including the influence of the French-speaking elite and the natural evolution of language over time. They also point out that English remained the language of the majority of the population, and the Norman French spoken by the elite did not completely replace English.

Additionally, critics argue that the Norman influence on English society and culture was not as profound as claimed by the Norman Conquest theory. They suggest that the changes that occurred after the Norman invasion were part of a broader historical context and were not solely the result of Norman influence. Factors such as political, social, and economic developments also played a role in shaping English society during that period.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the theory of the Normans and the anti-Normanist theory present different perspectives on the impact of the Norman invasion of England in 1066. The Norman Conquest theory argues that the invasion led to significant changes in language, culture, and society, while the anti-Normanist theory challenges the extent of this influence. Both theories have their proponents and critics, and the debate continues among historians and scholars. It is important to consider multiple perspectives and evaluate the available evidence when examining historical events and their impact.