Question

Помогите пожалуйста! Что произошло в 1497 году? Что такое полюдье,вотчина,береста,летопись,ярлык,баскак,опричнина? 6класс история.

Answer 1

1497 год - издание Судебника Ивана III.
Полюдье - сбор дани князем и дружиной со своих земелей, объезжая их.
Вотчина -  наследственное земельное владение.
Береста - верхний слой берёзовой коры, используемый для письма.
Летопись - подробный рассказ о событиях прошлого от лица того, кто его писал.
Ярлык - ханская грамота, дававшая право русским князьям княжить на своей территории.
Баскак - представитель ханской власти.
Опричнин - особый порядок управления при Иване Грозном, при котором земля делилась на земщину и опричнину.

Answer 2

Events of 1497

In 1497, several significant events took place. One of the most notable events was the discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot, an Italian explorer sailing under the flag of England. This discovery marked the beginning of England's overseas expansion and exploration. Additionally, in the same year, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, successfully reached India, establishing a sea route from Europe to the East.

Poludye In the context of medieval Russia, "poludye" referred to a type of tax or tribute paid by the peasantry to the ruling class. It was a form of labor obligation or payment in kind, often in the form of agricultural produce. The term "poludye" is closely associated with the feudal system and the obligations of the lower classes to the nobility or ruling elite.

Votchyna "Votchyna" is a term that originated in medieval Kievan Rus and later in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It referred to a hereditary estate or patrimony, typically granted to members of the nobility or ruling class. The "votchyna" was an important aspect of the feudal system, representing the land and property owned by noble families and passed down through generations.

Beresta In historical contexts, "beresta" refers to birch bark, which was commonly used as a writing material in medieval Slavic cultures. Birch bark documents, or "beresta documents," were inscribed with various texts, including letters, legal agreements, and records of daily life. These documents provide valuable insights into the social and cultural history of the Slavic peoples.

Letopis A "letopis" (also spelled "letopisets") is a type of historical chronicle or annal that was commonly used in medieval Slavic cultures to record historical events, genealogies, and other important information. Letopises played a crucial role in preserving the historical memory of the Slavic peoples and are valuable sources for understanding the history of the region.

Yarlyk A "yarlyk" was a type of decree or charter issued by the rulers of medieval Rus, particularly the Grand Princes. These decrees could cover a wide range of subjects, including legal matters, administrative regulations, and the granting of privileges to individuals or institutions. Yarlyks were important instruments of governance and law in medieval Rus.

Baskak The term "baskak" historically referred to a government official or administrator in the Crimean Khanate and other Turkic-Mongol states. Baskaks held various administrative responsibilities, including tax collection, law enforcement, and the supervision of local affairs. They played a significant role in the governance of the territories under their jurisdiction.

Oprichnina The "Oprichnina" was a state policy implemented by Ivan the Terrible, the Tsar of Russia, in the 16th century. It involved the establishment of a separate territory, known as the Oprichnina, which was directly controlled by the Tsar and his loyal supporters. The Oprichnina was characterized by brutal repression, including the persecution and execution of perceived political opponents.

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