Question

Даю 30 балов, помогите Схарактеризуйте зміни що відбулися у зовнішній політиці срср сша фрн у 1970 роках?Розкрийте основний зміст Заключного акта Нарада з безпеки і спів робітництва в я Європі у 1975р(гельсінський акт)

Answer 1

Ответ:

Ініціаторами зміни зовнішньої політики ФРН виступили соціал-демократи, які разом з вільними демократами у 1969 р. здобули перемогу на виборах до бундестагу. У серпні 1970 р. між СРСР і ФРН укладено договір про визнання непорушності кордонів у Європі, узаконено кордон між ФРН і НДР. У 1970 р. ФРН підписала договір з Польщею (визнані її кордони), у 1972 р. - з НДР (взаємне визнання німецьких держав відкрило їм шлях в ООН), у 1973 р. - з Чехословаччиною (ФРН визнала недійсними Мюнхенський диктат 1938 р. щодо цієї країни); установила дипломатичні відносини з Болгарією, Угорщиною.

Сейчас на второй вопрос ответ дам.

Answer 2

Changes in the Foreign Policies of the USSR, USA, and FRG in the 1970s

In the 1970s, significant changes occurred in the foreign policies of the USSR, USA, and FRG (Federal Republic of Germany). These changes were influenced by various factors, including the geopolitical landscape, détente efforts, and the pursuit of national interests. Here is a brief characterization of the changes that took place:

USSR (Soviet Union): - The USSR, under the leadership of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, pursued a policy of détente with the United States and Western Europe. - This policy aimed to reduce tensions and improve relations with the West, particularly in the areas of arms control and trade. - The USSR sought to enhance its global influence and maintain a balance of power with the United States. - However, the Soviet Union continued to support communist movements and regimes around the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

USA (United States): - The United States, under the leadership of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, also pursued a policy of détente with the Soviet Union. - This policy aimed to ease Cold War tensions and promote cooperation in areas such as arms control, trade, and cultural exchanges. - The United States sought to improve relations with the USSR while maintaining its position as a global superpower. - However, the United States remained committed to containing the spread of communism and supporting anti-communist regimes around the world.

FRG (Federal Republic of Germany): - The FRG, under the leadership of Chancellor Willy Brandt, pursued a policy of Ostpolitik, which aimed to improve relations with the Eastern Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union. - This policy led to the signing of treaties with the USSR and other Eastern European countries, recognizing the post-World War II borders and promoting economic and cultural exchanges. - The FRG sought to reduce tensions and promote reconciliation with its Eastern neighbors, particularly the Soviet Union and Poland. - However, the FRG remained committed to its alliance with the United States and its membership in NATO.

The Helsinki Accords (Helsinki Final Act) in 1975

The Helsinki Accords, also known as the Helsinki Final Act, was a significant diplomatic agreement signed in 1975 during the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) held in Helsinki, Finland. The main content of the Helsinki Accords can be summarized as follows:

1. Territorial Integrity and Borders: The participating countries, including the USSR, USA, and FRG, recognized the inviolability of borders and the territorial integrity of states in Europe. This provision aimed to promote stability and prevent border disputes.

2. Human Rights: The Helsinki Accords included a section on human rights, emphasizing the importance of individual freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and expression. It also addressed issues such as the right to travel, reunite with family, and emigrate.

3. Cooperation and Confidence-Building Measures: The participating countries agreed to promote cooperation and confidence-building measures in various areas, including trade, technology, culture, and the environment. This provision aimed to foster mutual trust and enhance regional security.

4. Arms Control and Disarmament: The Helsinki Accords addressed arms control and disarmament, emphasizing the importance of reducing military tensions and promoting arms control negotiations. It called for increased transparency and exchanges of military information.

5. Follow-up Mechanisms: The Helsinki Accords established mechanisms for monitoring and reviewing the implementation of its provisions. This included regular meetings and conferences to assess progress and address any concerns or violations.

The Helsinki Accords represented a significant milestone in international diplomacy, as it provided a framework for dialogue, cooperation, and the promotion of human rights in Europe. It contributed to the easing of tensions between East and West during the Cold War and laid the foundation for future diplomatic efforts.

[[1]]