Question

Почему каменный век делиться на этапы, временные рамки и отличия ?​

Answer 1

Ответ:

КАМЕННЫЙ ВЕК (ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА)

Каменный век — древнейший и самый длительный период в истории человечества, характеризующийся использованием камня как основного материала для изготовления орудий труда.

Для изготовления разнообразных орудий и других необходимых изделий человек использовал не только камень, но другие твердые материалы: вулканическое стекло, кость, дерево, шкуры и кожу животных, растительные волокна. В завершающий период каменного века, в неолите, широко распространился первый искусственный материал, созданный человеком, — керамика. В каменном веке происходит формирование человека современного типа. К этому периоду истории относятся такие важнейшие достижения человечества, как появление первых социальных институтов и определенных экономических укладов.

Хронологические рамки каменного века очень широки — он начинается около 2,6 млн. лет назад и до начала использования человеком металла. На территории Древнего Востока это происходит в VII -VI тыс. до н.э., в Европе - в IV – III тыс. до н.э.

В археологической науке каменный век традиционно разделяют на три основных этапа:

Палеолит или древний каменный век (2,6 млн лет до н.э. — 10 тыс. лет до н.э.);

Мезолит или средний каменный век (X/IX тыс. — VII тыс. лет до н.э.);

Неолит или новый каменный век (VI/V тыс. — III тыс. лет до н.э.)

Археологическая периодизация каменного века связана с изменениями в каменной индустрии: каждый период характеризуется своеобразными приемами обработки камня и, как следствие, определенным набором разнообразных видов каменных орудий.

Каменный век соотносится с геологическими периодами:

плейстоценом (который также называют: ледниковый, четвертичный или антропогеновый) - датируется от 2,5-2 млн лет до 10 тыс. лет до н.э.

голоценом – который начался в 10 тыс. лет до н.э. и продолжается до сих пор.

Природные условия этих периодов играли существенную роль в становлении и развитии древних человеческих обществ.

Answer 2

The Division of the Stone Age into Stages, Timeframes, and Differences

The Stone Age is a prehistoric period characterized by the use of stone tools. It is divided into several stages based on technological advancements, cultural developments, and changes in human behavior. These stages are generally categorized as the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. Let's explore the timeframes and differences between these stages.

1. Paleolithic Period: The Paleolithic period, also known as the Old Stone Age, is the earliest and longest stage of the Stone Age. It is further divided into three phases: Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic. The Paleolithic period spans from about 2.6 million years ago to around 10,000 BCE.

During the Lower Paleolithic phase, early humans used simple stone tools, such as hand axes and choppers. They were primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for survival.

The Middle Paleolithic phase is characterized by the emergence of more sophisticated stone tools, including the development of the Levallois technique for tool production. Neanderthals, a distinct human species, lived during this period.

The Upper Paleolithic phase witnessed significant advancements in tool technology, art, and social organization. Humans during this period created more refined tools, such as blades and spear points. They also developed complex hunting strategies, created cave paintings, and engaged in symbolic and ritualistic practices.

2. Mesolithic Period: The Mesolithic period, also known as the Middle Stone Age, followed the Paleolithic period and lasted from around 10,000 BCE to 6,000 BCE. It represents a transitional phase between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.

During the Mesolithic period, humans continued to rely on hunting, fishing, and gathering, but they also began to experiment with new technologies and adapt to changing environments. This period saw the development of microliths, small stone tools used for various purposes, such as hunting and woodworking.

3. Neolithic Period: The Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age, marked a significant shift in human history. It began around 6,000 BCE and lasted until the advent of metalworking, which varied in different regions.

The Neolithic period is characterized by the emergence of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals. Humans started to settle in permanent villages, cultivate crops, and raise livestock. This shift from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary one led to the development of pottery, weaving, and more complex social structures.

The Neolithic period also witnessed the construction of megalithic structures, such as Stonehenge, and the development of early forms of writing and numerical systems.

Differences between the Stages: The division of the Stone Age into stages is based on several factors, including technological advancements, changes in subsistence strategies, cultural developments, and shifts in human behavior.

The Paleolithic period is characterized by the use of simple stone tools, a nomadic lifestyle, and a reliance on hunting and gathering. The Mesolithic period represents a transitional phase where humans began to experiment with new technologies and adapt to changing environments. The Neolithic period marks the shift from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture, leading to the emergence of permanent settlements, the domestication of plants and animals, and the development of more complex social structures.

It's important to note that the division of the Stone Age into stages and the specific timeframes may vary depending on different regions and archaeological interpretations.