Question

Сравните земскую реформу 1864г. И реформу городского самоуправления 1870. Найдите общие (не менее трёх положений) отличие (не менее трёх положений)

Answer 1

Общее:

1) земства и органы городской власти занимались чисто хозяйственными вопросами (не могли вмешиваться в политику)

2) и те, и другие являлись органами самоуправления в городах и сельской местности

3) выборный характер и земств, и городских органов власти (городских дум).

Отличия:

1) земская реформа в целом способствовала развитию сел и сельского хозяйства; городская реформа же послужила толчком к торгово-промышленному развитию городов.

2) земства были введены не повсеместно, тогда как положения городской реформы касались всех городов в стране.

3) Время проведения - земская - 1864 г., городская - 1870 г.

Answer 2

Zemstvo Reform of 1864

The Zemstvo reform of 1864 was a significant development in the Russian Empire. It established a new local government system, aiming to provide some degree of self-government and representation for the rural population. The reform created elected assemblies, known as zemstvos, at the district and provincial levels. These assemblies were responsible for various local administrative and social welfare functions, such as education, public health, and infrastructure improvement.

Urban Self-Government Reform of 1870

The urban self-government reform of 1870 was another important reform in the Russian Empire, focusing on the establishment of local self-government in urban areas. This reform aimed to address the growing urban population and the need for effective administration and representation in cities. It introduced elected municipal councils in towns and cities, known as dumas, which were responsible for managing local affairs and implementing policies related to urban development, public services, and infrastructure.

Common Aspects

1. Elected Assemblies: Both the Zemstvo reform of 1864 and the urban self-government reform of 1870 introduced elected assemblies – zemstvos for rural areas and dumas for urban areas – to facilitate local governance and decision-making.

2. Local Administrative Functions: Both reforms aimed to decentralize administrative functions and empower local communities to manage their own affairs, including education, public health, and infrastructure development.

3. Representation: Both reforms sought to provide a degree of representation for the population, allowing them to participate in local governance and have a say in matters affecting their communities.

Differences

1. Geographic Focus: The Zemstvo reform primarily targeted rural areas and was designed to address the needs of the countryside, while the urban self-government reform specifically focused on the governance of towns and cities.

2. Socio-Economic Context: The Zemstvo reform was influenced by the desire to modernize rural administration and improve the living conditions of the peasantry, whereas the urban self-government reform was driven by the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and the need for effective urban governance.

3. Administrative Scope: The zemstvos had a broader scope of responsibilities, including agricultural and rural development, while the dumas were more focused on urban-specific issues such as sanitation, public utilities, and city planning