Question

Питання №4 ? 2 бали До чого призвели реформи 60-70-х років в Російській імперії? Повного руйнування поміщицького землеволодіння Руйнування селянської общини та поступової капіталізації селянських господарств Відміни демократичних перетворень в державі Процесу формування станів найманих робітників та буржуазії Питання №5 ? 2 бали Який із заходів не відноситься до діяльності Олександра ІІІ? Отримання міськими думами більших повноважень Відновлення всевладдя цензури Ліквідація автономності університетів Проголошення непорушності самодержавства Питання №6 ? 2 бали Відповідно до царського маніфесту 17 жовтня 1905 р.: Було запроваджено загальне виборче право Рос. ставала федерацією Рос. перетворилась на республіку Створювався законодавчий орган – Державна Дума

Answer 1

Ответ: Якось так. Сподіваюсь, що допоміг

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Reforms in the Russian Empire in the 1860s-1870s

The reforms in the Russian Empire in the 1860s-1870s had significant consequences for various aspects of society and governance. These reforms were implemented during the reign of Tsar Alexander II and aimed to modernize and transform the Russian Empire. Let's examine the specific consequences of these reforms:

1. Abolition of Serfdom and Land Reform: One of the most significant reforms was the abolition of serfdom in 1861. This reform aimed to emancipate the serfs, who were previously tied to the land and owned by the nobility. The reform led to the full emancipation of serfs and the redistribution of land, allowing them to become free peasants. However, the land reform did not fully address the issue of land ownership, leading to various problems and discontent among the peasants [[1]].

2. Peasant Commune Disintegration and Capitalization of Peasant Farms: The reforms also led to the disintegration of the traditional peasant commune (mir) system. The commune, which was a collective form of land ownership and agricultural production, gradually declined as individual peasant farms emerged. This process of disintegration and the subsequent capitalization of peasant farms aimed to increase agricultural productivity and efficiency. However, it also resulted in the loss of traditional communal support systems and increased inequality among peasants [[2]].

3. Reversal of Democratic Reforms: Despite the initial wave of democratic reforms, including the establishment of local self-government bodies called zemstvos, the later years of Alexander II's reign saw a reversal of these democratic changes. The government gradually curtailed the powers of zemstvos, limiting their influence and decision-making authority. This rollback of democratic reforms was driven by the government's desire to maintain central control and authority [[3]].

4. Formation of a Proletariat and Bourgeoisie: The reforms in the Russian Empire also contributed to the formation of a working class (proletariat) and a bourgeoisie. The industrialization process, which was accelerated during this period, led to the growth of factories and the concentration of workers in urban areas. This resulted in the emergence of a working class that played a crucial role in later revolutionary movements. Simultaneously, the reforms also facilitated the rise of a bourgeoisie class, composed of industrialists, merchants, and professionals [[4]].

In summary, the reforms in the Russian Empire in the 1860s-1870s had far-reaching consequences. They led to the abolition of serfdom, the disintegration of the peasant commune, the reversal of democratic reforms, and the formation of a proletariat and bourgeoisie. These reforms aimed to modernize the Russian Empire but also created various social and economic challenges.

Activities of Tsar Alexander III

Tsar Alexander III, who reigned from 1881 to 1894, pursued policies that aimed to strengthen autocracy and suppress dissent. Let's examine which of the following activities are associated with his reign:

1. Obtaining Greater Powers for City Dumas: This measure does not align with the activities of Tsar Alexander III. During his reign, the powers of local self-government bodies, including city dumas, were curtailed rather than expanded [[5]].

2. Restoration of Censorship: Tsar Alexander III indeed restored strict censorship measures during his reign. The government imposed strict control over the press, literature, and public expression, limiting freedom of speech and suppressing dissent [[6]].

3. Elimination of University Autonomy: Tsar Alexander III's reign saw a significant reduction in the autonomy of universities. The government imposed stricter control over academic institutions, limiting their independence and curbing academic freedom [[7]].

4. Declaration of the Inviolability of Autocracy: Tsar Alexander III strongly believed in the principle of autocracy and actively promoted it. He declared the inviolability of autocracy, emphasizing the supreme authority of the tsar and rejecting democratic reforms [[8]].

Therefore, the activity that does not align with the reign of Tsar Alexander III is the obtaining greater powers for city dumas. The other activities mentioned, such as the restoration of censorship, elimination of university autonomy, and declaration of the inviolability of autocracy, are associated with his reign.

Manifesto of October 17, 1905

The Manifesto of October 17, 1905, was a significant document issued by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 Russian Revolution. Let's examine the provisions of this manifesto:

1. Introduction of Universal Suffrage: The Manifesto of October 17, 1905, did not introduce universal suffrage. While it did promise the establishment of an elected legislative body called the State Duma, the electoral system was not based on universal suffrage. The right to vote was limited and restricted to certain social classes and property qualifications [[9]].

2. Transformation of Russia into a Federation: The manifesto did not propose the transformation of Russia into a federation. It maintained the centralized structure of the Russian Empire, with the tsar as the supreme authority [[10]].

3. Creation of the State Duma: The manifesto indeed promised the creation of the State Duma, a legislative body. The Duma was intended to represent the interests of different social groups and provide a platform for political representation and discussion. However, the tsar retained significant powers and control over the Duma [[11]].

4. Establishment of a Legislative Body: The creation of the State Duma fulfilled the provision of establishing a legislative body. The Duma was intended to participate in the legislative process and provide a platform for political representation [[12]].

In summary, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, did not introduce universal suffrage but promised the creation of the State Duma as a limited representative body. It did not propose the transformation of Russia into a federation but maintained the centralized structure of the Russian Empire.