Question

СРОЧНО даю 30 балів 1.4. Розглянь карту «Французька революція кінця XVIII ст.» (див. навчальні матеріали, ч. 4(1), с. 9). Уклади на її основі розповідь про перебіг Французької революції (6-8 речень). ​

Answer 1

Відповідь:

Французька революція почалася в 1789 році та тривала приблизно десять років. У революції взяли участь різні соціальні групи, такі як буржуазія, селяни, робітники та інші. Початково революція була спрямована на боротьбу з абсолютною монархією, зокрема з королем Людовиком XVI, та на визначення прав людини та громадянина. У 1792 році було проголошено Французьку республіку.У перший рік революції відбулося багато подій, що змінили політичну картину Франції. У травні 1789 року була заснована Генеральна Асамблея, де зібралися представники різних соціальних груп, щоб обговорити проблеми країни. У липні того ж року відбулася Велика французька революція, яка стала початком руйнування старих політичних структур. У 1791 році була прийнята Конституція, яка передбачала демократичну форму правління.Проте, революція супроводжувалася насильством та кривавими подіями, такими як терор, який почався в 1793 році, та загальний відстріл у 1794 році. У цей період панувала сильна централізація влади, абсолютна влада комітету державної безпеки та рішуче пригнічувалася будь-яка опозиція.У 1799 році владу у країні захопив Наполеон Бонапарт, який закріпив за собою позицію першого консула. Таким чином, Французька революція завершилась

Answer 2

The French Revolution of the late 18th century

The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799. It was a pivotal event in European history and had a profound impact on the development of modern politics, society, and culture. The revolution was fueled by a combination of economic, social, and political factors, and it ultimately led to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy, the rise of radical political factions, and the Reign of Terror.

Causes of the French Revolution

The French Revolution was primarily caused by a combination of economic hardships, social inequality, and political discontent. Some of the key factors that contributed to the revolution include:

1. Economic Crisis: France faced a severe economic crisis in the late 18th century, characterized by high taxes, food shortages, and a growing national debt. The burden of taxation fell disproportionately on the lower classes, while the nobility and clergy enjoyed exemptions.

2. Social Inequality: French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility enjoying privileges and exemptions, while the common people faced poverty and oppression. The Third Estate, which represented the majority of the population, had limited political power and faced economic hardships.

3. Enlightenment Ideas: The ideas of the Enlightenment, which emphasized individual rights, equality, and popular sovereignty, had a significant impact on the French Revolution. Philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu inspired the revolutionaries with their calls for political and social reform.

4. Financial Mismanagement: The French monarchy's extravagant spending, combined with costly foreign wars, contributed to the country's financial crisis. Attempts to reform the tax system and reduce the privileges of the nobility were met with resistance, leading to a stalemate.

5. Political Discontent: The absolute monarchy of Louis XVI and his predecessors was seen as oppressive and out of touch with the needs of the people. The lack of political representation and the absence of a constitutional framework fueled popular discontent.

Stages of the French Revolution

The French Revolution can be divided into several distinct stages, each marked by significant events and changes in the political landscape. Here is a brief overview of the main stages:

1. The Estates-General and the National Assembly (1789): The revolution began with the convening of the Estates-General, a representative body that included representatives from the three estates. Dissatisfied with the limited power of the Third Estate, its members declared themselves the National Assembly and demanded political reforms.

2. The Storming of the Bastille (1789): On July 14, 1789, a mob of revolutionaries stormed the Bastille, a symbol of royal authority. This event is often seen as the start of the revolution and marked a turning point in the struggle for power.

3. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794): The Reign of Terror was a period of intense political repression and violence, characterized by mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution. Led by the Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre, the revolutionaries sought to consolidate their power and eliminate opposition.

4. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799): The revolution eventually gave way to a period of political instability, which culminated in the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état and established himself as First Consul, effectively ending the revolutionary period.

Conclusion

The French Revolution of the late 18th century was a complex and multifaceted event that was driven by a combination of economic, social, and political factors. It began with demands for political reform and evolved into a radical movement that sought to reshape French society. The revolution had a profound impact on the development of modern politics and inspired subsequent revolutionary movements around the world.

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