Question

1. Проаналізуйте реформи Фрідріха II й поясніть, яким чином вони сприяли зміцненню абсолютної монархії в Пруссії. 2. Що дає змогу характеризувати ці реформи як правління в дусі «освіченого абсолютизму»? 3. Поміркуйте, чому король вдався до скасування особистої залежності селян у власних землях, однак не зробив цього в межах усієї держави.

Answer 1

1. Реформи Фрідріха II полягали в централізації державної влади, більш ефективному управлінні територією, введенні податкового порядку і збільшенні кількості армії. Ці реформи дозволили королю згрупувати владу в своїх руках і зробити Прусію більш сильною національною державою.

2. Реформи Фрідріха II можна характеризувати як правління в дусі «освіченого абсолютизму», оскільки вони орієнтувалися на вдосконалення системи управління і поліпшення життя людей. Він вірив, що король повинен бути "першим слугою держави" і вести відповідальну політику для забезпечення благополуччя своїх підданих.

3. Скасування особистої залежності селян у власних землях було складною і непопулярною реформою і вимагало значних зусиль та фінансових витрат. Можливо, Фрідріх II намагався розв'язати це питання поступово і обмежитися лише деякими територіями. Крім того, він може бути обмежений інтересами феодалів, що контролювали багато земель в Пруссії і не хотіли втратити своїх робочих сил.

Answer 2

Analysis of Frederick II's reforms and their contribution to the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Prussia

Frederick II, also known as Frederick the Great, was the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He implemented a series of reforms that aimed to strengthen the absolute monarchy in Prussia. These reforms had a significant impact on various aspects of Prussian society and governance.

One of the key reforms implemented by Frederick II was the modernization of the Prussian bureaucracy. He established a centralized administrative system that allowed for more efficient governance and control over the state. This bureaucracy was staffed by educated and trained officials who were loyal to the king. By centralizing power and establishing a professional bureaucracy, Frederick II was able to consolidate his authority and strengthen the absolute monarchy in Prussia.

Another important reform introduced by Frederick II was the modernization of the Prussian military. He expanded the size of the army and implemented new training methods and tactics. This resulted in a highly disciplined and efficient military force that played a crucial role in expanding Prussia's territories and influence. The modernization of the military not only enhanced Prussia's military power but also served as a symbol of the king's authority and control.

Frederick II also implemented economic reforms aimed at promoting trade and industry in Prussia. He encouraged the development of agriculture, introduced new farming techniques, and supported the growth of industries such as mining and manufacturing. These reforms helped to stimulate economic growth and increase the state's revenue. By promoting economic development, Frederick II was able to strengthen the financial resources of the monarchy and further consolidate his power.

Characterizing these reforms as enlightened absolutism

The reforms implemented by Frederick II can be characterized as "enlightened absolutism" because they combined elements of both absolutism and the Enlightenment. Enlightened absolutism was a political philosophy that emerged in the 18th century, emphasizing the use of reason and the application of Enlightenment principles in governance.

Frederick II's reforms reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas in several ways. He promoted religious tolerance and freedom of thought, allowing individuals to practice different religions and encouraging intellectual pursuits. He also supported the arts, sciences, and education, establishing institutions such as the Berlin Academy of Sciences. These reforms demonstrated a commitment to intellectual progress and the application of reason in governance, aligning with the principles of enlightened absolutism.

However, it is important to note that Frederick II's reforms were not purely driven by Enlightenment ideals. He maintained absolute control over the state and did not introduce significant political reforms that would limit his own power. While the reforms reflected some aspects of enlightened thinking, they ultimately served to strengthen the absolute monarchy rather than challenge it.

The selective abolition of serfdom

One of the notable aspects of Frederick II's reforms was his decision to abolish serfdom on his own lands while not extending this abolition to the entire state. Serfdom was a system in which peasants were bound to the land and subject to the control of the landowners. By abolishing serfdom on his own lands, Frederick II aimed to improve the conditions of the peasants and increase agricultural productivity.

However, the selective abolition of serfdom can be attributed to several factors. Frederick II may have been motivated by economic considerations, as the abolition of serfdom on a larger scale could have disrupted the agricultural economy and threatened the stability of the state. Additionally, the king may have been concerned about the potential resistance from the nobility, who were the primary beneficiaries of the serfdom system.

It is also worth noting that the abolition of serfdom on the king's own lands did not result in a complete emancipation of the peasants. They still had obligations and were subject to certain restrictions. While the selective abolition of serfdom demonstrated a willingness to address social issues, it did not challenge the overall hierarchical structure of Prussian society.

In conclusion, Frederick II's reforms played a significant role in strengthening the absolute monarchy in Prussia. The modernization of the bureaucracy, military, and economy, along with the promotion of intellectual progress, contributed to the consolidation of the king's authority. However, it is important to recognize that these reforms were not driven solely by Enlightenment ideals and that certain aspects, such as the selective abolition of serfdom, reflected pragmatic considerations.