Question

Суть и итоги либеральных реформ Александра II 1860-1870 годов​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Финансовая реформа (1860 – 1864гг.) Создаются государственный банк, земский и коммерческий банки. Деятельность банков в основном направлялась на поддержку промышленности. В последний год проведения реформ создаются контрольные органы, независимые от местных органов власти, которые проводят проверку финансовой деятельности органов власти.

Земская реформа(1864г.) С ее помощью была решена задача привлечения широких масс населения для решения повседневных вопросов. В губерниях и уездах создавались выборные органы земского и местного самоуправления. Главную роль в них играли дворяне.

Судебная реформа (1864г.) После реформы суд стал более "законным". При Александре II впервые был введен суд присяжных, гласность, возможность привлечь к суду любого человека вне зависимости от его положения, независимость суда от местных администраций, отменены телесные наказания и многое другое.

Городская реформа(1870г.) В городах создавались думы и управы - выборные органы городского самоуправления. Главную роль в них играли богатые горожане. Городская реформа направлялась на благоустройство городов, развитие рынков, здравоохранения, образования, установление санитарных норм и так далее. Реформы были введены в 509 городах из 1130, которые насчитывались в России. Реформа не была применена для городов находящихся на территории Польши, Финляндии и Средней Азии.

Военная реформа (1874г.) Введение всесословной воинской повинности, модернизация вооружения, развитие флота и обучение личного состава. В результате российская армия вновь стала одной из ведущих в мире.

Реформа образования (1864г.) Это реформа полностью меняла систему, которую пытался выстроить Николай I, стремившийся ограничить население от знаний. Александр II пропагандировал принцип общедоступного образования, которое будет доступным для всех сословий. Для этого открывались новые начальные школы и гимназии. В частности именно в Александровскую эпоху начинается открытие женские гимназии и происходит допуск женщин на государственную службу.

Итогом либеральных реформ Александра II стало появление возможностей для свободного развития общества, роста взаимной ответственности государства и общества. Так, были созданы перспективы для построения капиталистической модели экономики, заложены основы формирования гражданского общества, произошло усиление оппозиционного движения.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Liberal Reforms of Alexander II (1860-1870): Overview and Results

The liberal reforms implemented by Alexander II of Russia during the period of 1860-1870 aimed to modernize and liberalize various aspects of Russian society and governance. These reforms were part of Alexander II's broader efforts to address the challenges facing the Russian Empire and promote social, economic, and political progress. Let's explore the key aspects and outcomes of these reforms.

1. Emancipation of the Serfs: One of the most significant reforms undertaken by Alexander II was the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This reform abolished the institution of serfdom, granting personal freedom to millions of serfs who were previously tied to the land and owned by the nobility. The serfs were granted the right to own property, marry freely, and engage in various occupations. However, the emancipation also came with certain limitations and obligations for the former serfs, such as the payment of redemption dues to the landowners and the allocation of smaller plots of land.

2. Judicial Reforms: Alexander II introduced several judicial reforms aimed at improving the legal system and ensuring greater fairness and transparency. These reforms included the establishment of trial by jury, the introduction of a system of professional judges, and the creation of a network of local courts. The reforms sought to provide equal access to justice, reduce corruption, and enhance the rule of law.

3. Military Reforms: The military reforms implemented during this period aimed to modernize the Russian armed forces and improve their efficiency. These reforms included the reduction of military service from 25 to 15 years, the introduction of universal conscription, and the establishment of reserve units. The goal was to create a more professional and capable military that could better defend the empire's interests.

4. Educational Reforms: Alexander II also initiated educational reforms to expand access to education and promote literacy. These reforms included the establishment of zemstvo schools, which were local self-governing institutions responsible for providing primary education. The reforms aimed to improve the educational system, increase literacy rates, and foster a more educated population.

5. Economic Reforms: The liberal reforms of Alexander II also encompassed economic changes aimed at modernizing the Russian economy. These reforms included the relaxation of restrictions on trade and industry, the encouragement of foreign investments, the construction of railways, and the introduction of new banking and financial institutions. These measures aimed to stimulate economic growth, promote industrialization, and integrate Russia into the global economy.

Results and Legacy: The liberal reforms of Alexander II had a mixed impact and left a complex legacy. On the one hand, the reforms brought significant changes and improvements to Russian society, such as the abolition of serfdom, the expansion of education, and the modernization of the military and economy. These reforms laid the foundation for further developments in subsequent decades.

However, the reforms also faced challenges and limitations. The emancipation of the serfs, for example, did not fully address the social and economic inequalities that persisted in Russian society. The reforms also faced opposition from conservative elements within the nobility and bureaucracy, who resisted change and sought to maintain their privileges.

Furthermore, the reforms did not lead to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy or a fully democratic system. While Alexander II introduced some liberalizing measures, he also maintained a strong autocratic rule and limited political freedoms. The lack of comprehensive political reforms and the suppression of dissent ultimately contributed to growing discontent and revolutionary movements in later years.

In conclusion, the liberal reforms of Alexander II during the 1860-1870 period aimed to modernize various aspects of Russian society and governance. These reforms brought significant changes and improvements, such as the abolition of serfdom, judicial and military reforms, educational advancements, and economic modernization. However, the reforms also faced challenges and limitations, and their long-term impact was complex and influenced by subsequent political developments.