Question

История 10 класс! 77 баллов! срочно! помечу как лучший ответ! Что стало с римскими городами Европы в эпоху раннего Средневековья?Почему в это время в Европе было очень мало городов? Когда и в связи с чем города стали возрождаться?

Answer 1

В раннее Средневековье не было городов потому, что города бывшей Римской империи были разрушены, а вся земля принадлежала феодалам на которой жили зависимые крестьяне. Велось натуральное хоз-во (т. е все выращивалось и производилось внутри поместья феодала). Большинство людей раннего Средневековья вообще считали, что выменивать что-то у соседей позорно, нужно успевать все делать самому. Но с 10 века число европейцев начинает расти, и к 15 веку население удвоилось. Распаханных земель стало не хватать. Крестьянам пришлось осваивать новые способы ведения хозяйства. И тогда они освоили метод глубокой вспашки земли и стали появляться излишки продуктов которые они могли обменять на ремесленные изделия. Из-за этого ремесленники перестают выращивать хлеб предпочитая заниматься только своим ремеслом. Они начинают селиться на местах, удобных для обмена и торговли. Появляются города у речных переправ и мостов, на перекрестках дорог, около монастырей и военных крепостей. Возрождаются и города бывшей Римской империи. Раньше всего торгово-ремесленные города появились в Италии в 8-9 в. в. А уже в 10-11 в. в. сотни городов появляются во Франции, Англии и Германии.

Answer 2

The Fate of Roman Cities in Early Medieval Europe

During the early Middle Ages, the fate of Roman cities in Europe varied. Some cities declined and were abandoned, while others continued to exist but experienced significant changes. The reasons for the scarcity of cities in Europe during this time are multifaceted, including political, economic, and social factors.

Decline and Abandonment of Roman Cities: 1. Barbarian Invasions: The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE led to the influx of various barbarian tribes into Europe. These invasions often resulted in the destruction and abandonment of Roman cities. 2. Economic Decline: The collapse of the Roman economy, which was heavily dependent on trade and agricultural production, contributed to the decline of cities. With the disruption of trade routes and the decline in agricultural productivity, many cities lost their economic vitality. 3. Political Fragmentation: The disintegration of centralized Roman authority and the emergence of numerous small kingdoms and feudal territories led to a lack of centralized governance and protection for cities. This made them vulnerable to attacks and unable to maintain their previous levels of infrastructure and administration.

Scarcity of Cities in Early Medieval Europe: 1. Ruralization and Decentralization: As the Roman Empire crumbled, the focus shifted from urban centers to rural areas. The collapse of centralized authority and the decline of trade networks led to a shift towards self-sufficiency and a more agrarian lifestyle. This resulted in a decrease in urban populations and the growth of smaller, self-sustaining communities. 2. Insecurity and Instability: The frequent invasions and conflicts during the early Middle Ages created an atmosphere of insecurity and instability. This made it difficult for cities to thrive, as they were often targeted by raiders and lacked the resources to defend themselves. 3. Decline in Urban Culture: The decline of Roman institutions and the rise of new cultural and social structures also contributed to the scarcity of cities. The urban culture and lifestyle that had characterized the Roman Empire gradually gave way to a more rural and localized way of life.

Revival of Cities: The revival of cities in Europe began to take place from the 10th century onward. Several factors contributed to this revival: 1. Agricultural Innovations: The introduction of new agricultural techniques, such as the three-field system and the use of heavy plows, led to increased agricultural productivity. This, in turn, fueled population growth and the need for urban centers to support trade and administration. 2. Trade and Commerce: The reestablishment of trade networks, both within Europe and with the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world, played a crucial role in the revival of cities. The growth of long-distance trade and the emergence of merchant guilds contributed to the economic prosperity of urban centers. 3. Political Stability: The consolidation of feudal power and the emergence of stronger centralized states provided a more stable environment for cities to flourish. The establishment of law and order, as well as the protection offered by feudal lords, encouraged the growth of urban centers.

In conclusion, during the early Middle Ages, many Roman cities in Europe declined and were abandoned due to barbarian invasions, economic decline, and political fragmentation. The scarcity of cities during this time can be attributed to ruralization, insecurity, and a decline in urban culture. However, from the 10th century onward, cities began to revive due to agricultural innovations, trade and commerce, and political stability.