Question

Как вы считаете, почему в 1929 г. советское руководство объявляет своей опорой сельских бедняков, а не зажиточные слои? Свою точку зрения обоснуйте.? Выделите отрицательные и положительные стороны копхозной системы.​

Answer 1

Советское руководство объявляет своей опорой сельских бедняков, так как они подходили под понятие угнетённых, а также, некоторые из зажиточных относились к классу буржуазии (кулаки, например), с чем в первую очередь боролась Советская власть.

Отрицательные черты:

• Чрезмерная экспроприация могла привести к голоду

• Крестьяне начали уезжать в города, что приводило к вымиранию такого класса, как крестьянин (не знаю даже, можно ли это назвать отрицательной чертой, спорно).

Положительные черты:

• Колхозам предоставляли технику, что в будущем позволяло собирать больше урожая и быстрее.

• Страна была обеспечена сельскохозяйственными культурами.

Answer 2

Background Information

In 1929, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, declared its support for the rural poor as its main focus. This shift in policy was part of the broader collectivization efforts aimed at transforming agriculture and achieving rapid industrialization. The decision to prioritize the support of rural peasants over the wealthy classes was influenced by several factors.

Economic Considerations

One of the main reasons for the Soviet leadership's decision to support the rural poor was the economic situation at the time. The Soviet Union was primarily an agrarian society, and the majority of the population lived in rural areas. The government believed that by supporting the peasants, they could increase agricultural productivity and ensure a stable food supply for the growing urban population. This was seen as crucial for the success of the planned industrialization efforts [[1]].

Political Considerations

Another factor that influenced the Soviet leadership's decision was political in nature. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had been driven by a desire to create a more equitable society, and the support of the rural poor was seen as a way to fulfill this goal. By aligning themselves with the peasants, the Soviet government aimed to gain their loyalty and support, as well as to counter the influence of the wealthy classes who were seen as remnants of the old order.

Ideological Considerations

The Soviet Union was founded on Marxist-Leninist ideology, which emphasized the importance of the working class and the peasantry in the revolutionary struggle. The rural poor were seen as a key component of the proletariat, and supporting them was seen as a way to advance the socialist cause. By prioritizing the needs of the peasants, the Soviet leadership believed they were following the principles of Marxism-Leninism and building a more just society.

Positive and Negative Aspects of the Collective Farm System (Kolkhoz)

The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union led to the establishment of collective farms, known as kolkhozes. This system had both positive and negative aspects.

Positive Aspects: - Increased Agricultural Productivity: The collective farm system aimed to consolidate small individual farms into larger, more efficient units. This consolidation allowed for the use of modern machinery and techniques, leading to increased agricultural productivity. - Improved Infrastructure: The establishment of collective farms often led to the development of infrastructure in rural areas, such as roads, schools, and healthcare facilities. This helped to improve the living conditions of rural communities. - Social Equality: The collective farm system aimed to eliminate class distinctions in the countryside and create a more egalitarian society. It provided opportunities for landless peasants to work and receive a share of the collective farm's produce.

Negative Aspects: - Resistance and Coercion: The collectivization process was met with resistance from many peasants who were reluctant to give up their individual farms and join collective farms. The Soviet government used coercion and force to enforce collectivization, leading to widespread suffering and loss of life. - Agricultural Decline: The disruption caused by collectivization, coupled with the lack of experience and knowledge among collective farm workers, led to a decline in agricultural output. This resulted in food shortages and famine in some regions. - Loss of Individual Incentive: The collective farm system removed the incentive for individual peasants to work hard and improve their own farms. This, in turn, affected overall agricultural productivity.

Overall, the decision of the Soviet leadership to prioritize the support of rural peasants over the wealthy classes in 1929 was influenced by economic, political, and ideological factors. The collectivization efforts aimed to transform agriculture and achieve rapid industrialization, while also fulfilling the goals of Marxism-Leninism. The collective farm system had both positive aspects, such as increased productivity and improved infrastructure, as well as negative aspects, including resistance, coercion, and a decline in agricultural output.