Question

СРОЧНО!оцените внешнюю политику ивана грозного

Answer 1

Ответ:

Основными задачами внешней политики при Иване IV были: борьба за выход к Балтийскому морю; борьба с Казанским и Астраханским ханствами и начало освоения Сибири; защита страны от набегов крымского хана.

Answer 2

Ответ:

Внешняя политика Ивана Грозного

В с. -второй пол. XVI в. перед Россией стояли два внешнеполитические задачи: борьба с татарскими ханствами - наследниками Золотой Орды и борьба за восточно-прибалтийские земли, за выход к Балтийскому морю. Первое направление внешней политики было успешным, а второе - нет.

Борьба с остатками Золотой Орды была необходимой задачей. Главным соперником России здесь выступало Казанское ханство. В 1552 состоялся поход на Казань, в результате которого Казанское ханство вошло в состав России. После этого были присоединены Астраханское ханство (Астрахань пала 14 ДК 1556), после упорной борьбы вошла Башкирия (1557, кроме той её части, которая входила в состав Сибирского ханства) , добровольно вошли Чувашия, Удмуртия, Адыгея, Кабарда. Ногайская орда (Северный Прикаспий и Приуралье) в 1556 (1557) признала вассальную зависимость от России.

В 1580-е была присоединена Западная Сибирь.

Воевать против Крыма было опасно, так как Крымский хан был вассалом турецкого султана. Москва ограничилась укреплением своих южных границ. В XVI в. для охраны южных границ страны наряду со строительством Засечной черты создаётся сторожевая и станичная служба.

Война на западном направлении обернулось длительной и неудачной Ливонской войной. Стране пришлось столкнуться в Польшей и Швецией. России пришлось отдать даже свои исконно русские земли.Итоги политики Ивана IV:

активное развитие и продвижение торговли в направлении Востока;

уменьшение воздействия татар и турок в направлении Юга;

провал во взаимоотношениях с Европой.

Answer 3

Evaluation of Ivan the Terrible's Foreign Policy

Ivan the Terrible, also known as Ivan IV, was the first Tsar of Russia and ruled from 1547 to 1584. His reign was marked by significant changes in Russia's foreign policy. Let's evaluate Ivan the Terrible's external policy in more detail.

1. Expansion of the Russian Empire: Ivan the Terrible pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion, aiming to consolidate and expand the Russian Empire. He sought to establish Russian dominance over neighboring territories and increase his control over trade routes. One of his major goals was to secure access to the Baltic Sea and establish a Russian presence in the region.

2. Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan: One of the most significant achievements of Ivan the Terrible's foreign policy was the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan. These conquests expanded the Russian Empire's territory and secured control over important trade routes in the Volga region. The capture of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556 marked major victories for Ivan the Terrible and solidified his reputation as a powerful ruler.

3. Conflict with the Livonian Order: Ivan the Terrible also engaged in a prolonged conflict with the Livonian Order, a military alliance of Baltic German states. The Livonian War, which lasted from 1558 to 1583, was fought primarily over control of the Livonian territories, including modern-day Estonia and Latvia. While Ivan the Terrible initially achieved some military successes, the war ultimately ended in a stalemate, with no significant territorial gains for Russia.

4. Relations with Poland-Lithuania: During Ivan the Terrible's reign, relations with Poland-Lithuania were often strained. The two powers clashed over territorial disputes, particularly in the region of Smolensk. The conflict escalated into the Russo-Polish War of 1563-1570, which ended inconclusively. Despite occasional hostilities, Ivan the Terrible also engaged in diplomatic negotiations with Poland-Lithuania, seeking to secure alliances and resolve territorial disputes through peaceful means.

5. Diplomatic Relations with Western Europe: Ivan the Terrible sought to establish diplomatic relations with Western European powers, particularly England and the Holy Roman Empire. He aimed to gain recognition as a legitimate ruler and secure support for his policies. However, these efforts were met with limited success, as Western European powers were often hesitant to engage with Ivan the Terrible due to his reputation for brutality and the perceived instability of his regime.

In conclusion, Ivan the Terrible's foreign policy was characterized by a combination of territorial expansion, military conflicts, and diplomatic efforts. While he achieved significant victories in the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, his conflicts with the Livonian Order and Poland-Lithuania ended without major territorial gains. His attempts to establish diplomatic relations with Western Europe were met with limited success. Overall, Ivan the Terrible's foreign policy aimed to consolidate and expand the Russian Empire, but its long-term impact was mixed.