Question

Каково было внутриполитическое положение казахского ханства накануне присоединения к России??​

Answer 1

Ответ:

обострился земельный вопрос, спровоцированный уже первыми шагами непродуманной политики новой администрации в аграрном вопросе. Изымались земельные наделы, на которых казахи традиционно пасли скот, под строительство крепостей;, произошло нарушение традиционной хозяйственной системы, в результате объединения были серьезно подорваны производительные силы. В результате началось обнищание рядовых казахских общинников

Answer 2

The Internal Political Situation of the Kazakh Khanate before its Annexation to Russia

The internal political situation of the Kazakh Khanate before its annexation to Russia was characterized by a complex web of power struggles, tribal rivalries, and external threats. The Kazakh Khanate was a nomadic state located in the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, and it existed from the 15th century until the late 18th century.

Power Struggles and Tribal Rivalries: The Kazakh Khanate was divided into three main hordes: the Great Horde, the Middle Horde, and the Little Horde. Each horde was further divided into various tribes, each led by its own tribal leader or sultan. Power struggles and tribal rivalries were common within the Kazakh Khanate, as different tribes vied for control and influence over the territory.

External Threats: The Kazakh Khanate faced numerous external threats from neighboring states, including the Dzungar Khanate, the Qing Dynasty of China, and the Russian Empire. These external threats often exacerbated the internal conflicts within the Kazakh Khanate, as tribes sought alliances with external powers to gain an advantage over their rivals.

Russian Influence: The Russian Empire, in particular, played a significant role in the internal politics of the Kazakh Khanate. Russian expansion into Central Asia and the establishment of forts and trading posts along the Kazakh steppe gradually increased Russian influence over the region. Russian officials and merchants sought to establish alliances with Kazakh tribal leaders, often using diplomacy, trade, and military force to achieve their goals.

Decline of the Kazakh Khanate: By the late 18th century, the internal political situation of the Kazakh Khanate had become increasingly unstable. The power struggles and tribal rivalries, combined with external threats and Russian influence, weakened the authority of the Kazakh khans. In 1730, the Kazakh Khanate split into three separate khanates, each led by its own khan. This fragmentation further weakened the central authority of the Kazakh Khanate and made it vulnerable to external aggression.

Annexation to Russia: The annexation of the Kazakh Khanate to Russia was a gradual process that took place over several decades. The Russian Empire gradually expanded its control over the Kazakh steppe through a combination of military campaigns, treaties, and alliances with Kazakh tribal leaders. In 1731, the Middle Horde voluntarily submitted to Russian rule, followed by the Great Horde in 1822 and the Little Horde in 1847. The annexation of the Kazakh Khanate to Russia marked the end of the independent Kazakh state and the beginning of a new era of Russian colonial rule in the region.

In conclusion, the internal political situation of the Kazakh Khanate before its annexation to Russia was characterized by power struggles, tribal rivalries, and external threats. The influence of the Russian Empire gradually increased over time, leading to the eventual annexation of the Kazakh Khanate to Russia.