Question

Когда почему в Ассирии бронзовый век был сменен железным веком? СРОЧНО?!!!??!

Answer 1

Большая часть древнейших цивилизаций мира располагалась на территории Ближнего Востока, включавшей Месопотамию (современные Ирак, юго-восточная Турция, северо-восточная Сирия), древний Египет (хотя большая часть Египта находилась на крайнем северо-востоке Африки), древний Иран (Элам, Мидия, Парфия и древняя Персия), Анатолию (современная Турция), Левант (современные Сирия, Ливан, Израиль, Палестина и Иордания), Мальту и древнюю Аравию.

Древний Ближний Восток считается колыбелью цивилизации. Именно здесь стали впервые практиковать круглогодичное интенсивное земледелие, здесь впервые в мире возникли письменность, гончарный круг, а затем колесо и мельничный жёрнов, создано первое государство, законодательство, а затем и первая империя. Здесь впервые оформились социальное расслоение, рабовладение и организованное военное дело, здесь заложены основания таких дисциплин, как астрономия и математика.

Изучением Древнего Ближнего Востока занимаются такие дисциплины, как ближневосточная археология (en:Near Eastern archaeology) и история древнего мира. Начальной точкой её отсчёта считается возникновение государства Шумер в 4 тыс. до н. э., в его состав включаются бронзовый и железный века, а в качестве конечной даты рассматривается либо Ахеменидское завоевание в 6 в. до н. э., либо завоевание Александра Македонского в 4 в. до н. э.

Answer 2

The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Assyria

The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Assyria occurred around the 12th century BCE. This shift marked a significant technological advancement in metalworking and had a profound impact on the development of Assyrian civilization. The reasons for this transition can be attributed to several factors.

1. Technological Advancements: One of the main reasons for the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age was the development of ironworking technology. Iron, being more abundant and easier to extract than bronze, offered several advantages. Iron tools and weapons were stronger, more durable, and more readily available than their bronze counterparts. The discovery and mastery of ironworking techniques allowed the Assyrians to produce a wide range of iron tools, weapons, and other iron-based artifacts.

2. Iron's Availability and Cost: Unlike bronze, which required the combination of copper and tin, iron was more readily available in nature. This made iron a more accessible and cost-effective material for the Assyrians. The abundance of iron ore deposits in the region allowed for the widespread adoption of ironworking techniques.

3. Military Advantages: The transition to the Iron Age also had significant military implications. Iron weapons, such as swords, spears, and arrowheads, were more effective in combat than bronze weapons. The superior strength and durability of iron weapons gave the Assyrians a military advantage over their enemies. This technological superiority played a crucial role in the expansion and dominance of the Assyrian Empire.

4. Cultural and Societal Factors: The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age was not solely driven by technological advancements. Cultural and societal factors also played a role. The adoption of ironworking techniques may have been influenced by cultural exchanges and interactions with neighboring civilizations. The spread of ironworking knowledge and techniques through trade and cultural contact could have contributed to the adoption of iron technology in Assyria.

In conclusion, the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Assyria occurred around the 12th century BCE. This transition was driven by technological advancements, the availability and cost-effectiveness of iron, military advantages, and cultural and societal factors. The adoption of ironworking techniques revolutionized Assyrian civilization and played a significant role in the rise and expansion of the Assyrian Empire