Question

1772,1793,1795 Три раздела Польши название войны и итоги

Answer 1

1772-

Заняв территории, причитающиеся сторонам по договору, оккупационные силы потребовали ратификации своих действий королём и сеймом.

Под давлением Пруссии, Австрии и России Понятовский должен был собрать сейм (1772—1775) для утверждения акта раздела и нового устройства Речи Посполитой. Полномочная делегация сейма утвердила раздел и установила «кардинальные права» Речи Посполитой, в состав которых вошли избирательность престола и liberum veto. Среди нововведений было установление «постоянного совета» («Rada Nieustająca») под председательством короля, из 18 сенаторов и 18 шляхтичей (по выбору сейма). Совет был разделен на 5 департаментов и осуществлял исполнительную власть в стране. Король уступил совету право отдавать земли «королевщины» в аренду. Совет представлял королю трех кандидатов на должности для утверждения одного из них. Сейм, продолжавший свою работу до 1775 года, провел административные и финансовые реформы, создал Комиссию Национального Образования, реорганизовал и сократил армию до 30 тыс. солдат, установил косвенные налоги и жалование чиновникам.

Захватив северо-западную Польшу, Пруссия взяла под контроль 80 % оборота внешней торговли Польши. Через введение огромных таможенных пошлин Пруссия ускоряла крах Речи Посполитой.

Answer 2

The Three Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795): War Names and Outcomes

The three partitions of Poland refer to the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between neighboring powers in the late 18th century. These partitions took place in 1772, 1793, and 1795. Each partition resulted in significant territorial losses for Poland and ultimately led to the disappearance of the country from the map for over a century.

1772 Partition: The first partition of Poland occurred in 1772. It was carried out by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. As a result of this partition, Poland lost approximately 30% of its territory, including areas in the east and west. The partitioning powers justified their actions by claiming to protect the interests of their own populations living within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1793 Partition: The second partition of Poland took place in 1793. This time, it was carried out by the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Poland lost even more territory in this partition, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. The partitioning powers cited the need for stability and security as their rationale for the division.

1795 Partition: The third and final partition of Poland occurred in 1795. It was carried out by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. In this partition, Poland ceased to exist as an independent state. The partitioning powers annexed the remaining Polish territories, leaving Poland completely divided among its neighbors. This marked the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the beginning of a period of foreign domination over Polish lands.

War Names: The partitions of Poland are not commonly associated with specific war names. Instead, they are referred to as the "Partitions of Poland" or simply as the "Three Partitions of Poland." These terms describe the division of Polish territory among neighboring powers rather than specific military conflicts.

Outcomes: The three partitions of Poland had significant consequences for the Polish people and their state. Poland lost its independence and was divided among its more powerful neighbors. The partitions weakened Poland's political and military power, leading to a period of foreign domination that lasted until the country regained independence in 1918.

The partitions also had a profound impact on Polish culture, language, and identity. Polish national consciousness remained strong despite the loss of statehood, and efforts to preserve Polish culture and language continued throughout the partitioned period.

In summary, the three partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795 resulted in the loss of Polish territory and the disappearance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These partitions were carried out by neighboring powers and had significant consequences for Poland's political, cultural, and national identity.