Question

Сравните экономическое развитие России в 17 в. и в 18 в.

Answer 1

Ответ:

17 в. Россия восстанавливала разоренное хозяйство. Начинается активное освоение земель, производивших товарный хлеб, - Поволжья, Сибири, Черноземья.В основе социально-экономического развития России лежала политика дальнейшего укрепления феодально-крепостнического уклада. Соборным уложением 1649 г. были отменены «урочные лета», установлен бессрочный сыск беглых крестьян и посадских людей. Это стало фактом окончательного закрепощения крестьян. Основой экономики аграрной России 17 в.

Первой четверти XVIII в., основным направлением отечественного экономического развития стала промышленность как мануфактуры  главный источник богатства страны (именно здесь при Петре I произошли  наиболее значительные изменения). И  хотя по-прежнему удовлетворение основных потребностей в изделиях массового  спроса осуществлялось через городское  и сельское ремесло, а также домашние промыслы, все большую роль стало  играть мелкое товарное производство. Его крупнейшие центры сложились  в текстильной (Московская, Владимирская, Костромская губернии), металлургической (Новгородское наместничество, Тульско-Серпуховский, Нижегородский, Ярославский и другие районы) промышленности, в обработке  металлов (Москва, Новгород, Псков), в  кожевенной (Ярославль, Казань, Кострома, Чебоксары), деревообрабатывающем, кирпичной, мукомольной и других отраслях, Постепенно этот тип производства стал перерастать  в кооперацию либо в мануфактуру. Учрежденные Петром I (1722) цехи в отличие  от европейских не сыграли решающей роли в развитии российского мануфактурного производства. Они не сумели оградить от конкуренции, не регламентировали производство и сбыт. Многие ремесленники вообще трудились вне цехов.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Economic Development in Russia in the 17th Century

In the 17th century, Russia experienced significant economic changes and developments. During this period, the country was ruled by the Tsars of the Romanov dynasty, and several key factors influenced its economic growth.

Agriculture: Agriculture played a crucial role in the Russian economy during the 17th century. The majority of the population was engaged in agricultural activities, with peasants working on large estates owned by the nobility. The main crops cultivated were grains, such as wheat, rye, and barley, as well as flax for linen production. The expansion of agricultural land and the introduction of new farming techniques contributed to increased agricultural output.

Trade and Commerce: Russia's trade and commercial activities were limited during the 17th century. The country was relatively isolated from international trade routes, and its economy was primarily focused on internal trade. The main trading partners were neighboring countries, such as Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian government implemented various policies to stimulate trade, including the establishment of trading posts and the promotion of domestic industries.

Industrial Development: The 17th century saw some developments in Russian industries. The government encouraged the establishment of ironworks, salt mines, and textile factories. However, industrial production remained relatively small-scale compared to other European countries. The lack of skilled labor, technological advancements, and access to capital hindered the growth of the industrial sector.

Social Structure: The social structure of 17th-century Russia was characterized by a rigid hierarchy. The majority of the population consisted of serfs, who were tied to the land and obligated to work for the nobility. The nobility, including the Tsar and the Boyars, held significant power and controlled vast estates. This social structure limited social mobility and economic opportunities for the lower classes.

Economic Development in Russia in the 18th Century

The 18th century marked a period of significant economic reforms and modernization in Russia. Under the reign of Peter the Great and subsequent rulers, the country underwent substantial changes that aimed to transform and strengthen the economy.

Westernization and Modernization: Peter the Great implemented a series of reforms to modernize Russia and bring it closer to Western European standards. He introduced new technologies, established educational institutions, and promoted scientific and cultural exchange. These reforms had a profound impact on various sectors of the economy, including industry, trade, and agriculture.

Expansion of Trade and Commerce: The 18th century witnessed a significant expansion of Russia's trade and commercial activities. The government actively encouraged foreign trade and established new trading routes. The establishment of the Russian-American Company in 1799 facilitated trade with North America, while the Treaty of Nystad in 1721 opened up trade with Western Europe. These developments led to increased foreign investment and the growth of domestic industries.

Industrialization: The 18th century saw the emergence of large-scale industrial production in Russia. The government promoted the establishment of factories and encouraged foreign experts to bring advanced technologies to the country. Industries such as textiles, mining, metallurgy, and shipbuilding experienced significant growth. The expansion of the industrial sector contributed to urbanization and the rise of a new middle class.

Social Reforms: The 18th century also witnessed social reforms aimed at improving the lives of the lower classes. The government introduced measures to alleviate serfdom and provide more opportunities for social mobility. However, serfdom remained a prevalent institution, and the majority of the population continued to live and work on the estates of the nobility.

In conclusion, the economic development of Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries was marked by significant changes. While the 17th century was characterized by agricultural dominance, limited trade, and small-scale industrial production, the 18th century saw the implementation of reforms that led to modernization, expansion of trade, industrialization, and social changes. These developments laid the foundation for further economic growth and transformation in the following centuries.