Question

3.Какие из приведенных ниже положений относятся к теории официальной народности, сформулированной С.С. Уваровым? а) православие; б) конституция: в) веротерпимость; г)самодержавие: д) свобода; е) народность. 4.Какие из приведенных положений характерны для западников(1), а какие- для славянофилов(2): а) самобытность исторического развития России; б) ограничение самодержавия, возвращение к порядкам Земских соборов: в)отмена крепостного права: г)буржуазные порядки являются идеалом; д) противопоставление России Западу: е) «сила власти царю, сила мнения- народу»; ж) ограничение самодержавия путем принятия конституции; з) развитие России по законам мировой истории; и)возвеличивали Петра , который своими благодетельными реформами для России «прорубил окно в Европу»

Answer 1

3) православие самодержавие народность
4) 1)б в г е з и
2)а в д ж

Answer 2

The Theory of Official Nationality by S.S. Uvarov

The Theory of Official Nationality, formulated by S.S. Uvarov, was a concept that aimed to define the official ideology of the Russian Empire during the reign of Nicholas I. It emphasized the three pillars of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality as the foundation of Russian identity and statehood. Let's examine each of the provided statements and determine if they are related to Uvarov's theory:

a) Orthodoxy: This statement is related to the Theory of Official Nationality. The Russian Orthodox Church played a significant role in the ideology promoted by Uvarov, emphasizing the importance of Orthodoxy as a defining characteristic of Russian identity.

b) Constitution: This statement is not directly related to Uvarov's theory. The Theory of Official Nationality did not advocate for a constitutional form of government but rather emphasized autocracy as a pillar of Russian statehood.

c) Religious Tolerance: This statement is not directly related to Uvarov's theory. The Theory of Official Nationality did not specifically address religious tolerance but rather focused on the dominant role of Orthodoxy in Russian society.

d) Autocracy: This statement is related to the Theory of Official Nationality. Uvarov's theory emphasized the importance of autocracy as a pillar of Russian statehood, highlighting the central role of the tsar in governing the empire.

e) Nationality: This statement is related to the Theory of Official Nationality. Uvarov's theory emphasized the importance of nationality, promoting a sense of Russian identity and unity.

To summarize, the statements related to the Theory of Official Nationality formulated by S.S. Uvarov are: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. The statements not directly related to Uvarov's theory are: Constitution and Religious Tolerance.

Characteristics of Westernizers (Западники) and Slavophiles (Славянофилы)

The Westernizers and Slavophiles were two opposing intellectual and ideological movements in 19th-century Russia. Let's examine each of the provided statements and determine which ones are characteristic of each group:

a) Distinctiveness of Russia's Historical Development: This statement is characteristic of the Slavophiles. The Slavophiles emphasized the unique historical development of Russia and its distinctiveness compared to Western European countries.

b) Limitation of Autocracy, Return to Zemsky Sobors: This statement is characteristic of the Westernizers. The Westernizers advocated for the limitation of autocracy and the establishment of representative institutions, such as the Zemsky Sobors (assemblies of the estates).

c) Abolition of Serfdom: This statement is characteristic of both the Westernizers and the Slavophiles. Both groups recognized the need for the abolition of serfdom, although they had different approaches and motivations.

d) Opposition of Russia to the West: This statement is characteristic of the Slavophiles. The Slavophiles believed in the uniqueness and superiority of Russian culture and opposed the Westernization of Russia.

e) "Power to the Tsar, Power of Opinion to the People": This statement is characteristic of the Westernizers. The Westernizers advocated for a constitutional monarchy where power would be shared between the tsar and the people.

f) Limitation of Autocracy through the Adoption of a Constitution: This statement is characteristic of the Westernizers. The Westernizers believed in the necessity of a constitution to limit the power of the tsar and establish a more representative government.

g) Development of Russia according to the Laws of World History: This statement is characteristic of the Westernizers. The Westernizers believed in the importance of Russia's alignment with Western European norms and values for its progress and development.

h) Elevation of Peter the Great, who opened a "window to Europe": This statement is characteristic of the Westernizers. The Westernizers admired Peter the Great for his reforms aimed at modernizing Russia and bringing it closer to European standards.

To summarize, the characteristics of the Westernizers (Западники) include: Limitation of Autocracy, Return to Zemsky Sobors, Opposition of Russia to the West, "Power to the Tsar, Power of Opinion to the People," Limitation of Autocracy through the Adoption of a Constitution, Development of Russia according to the Laws of World History, and Elevation of Peter the Great. The characteristics of the Slavophiles (Славянофилы) include: Distinctiveness of Russia's Historical Development, Abolition of Serfdom, and Opposition of Russia to the West.