Question

В чем вы видите принципиальные различия внутренней политики Александра 2 и Александра 3? Можно ли найти общие черты?

Answer 1

Принципиальные различия во внутренней политике этих двух царей, на мой взгляд, очевидно проявились в самом начале царствования Александра 3, когда он «завернул» проект М.Т. Лорис Меликова. Дело в том, что это был не обычный проект, а почти конституция, который понравился и был одобрен 1 марта 1881 г. Александром 2 (его отцом), и даже было назначено заседание Совета Министров на 4 марта 1881 г., чтобы закрепить его. Но, к сожалению, до 4 марта Александр 2 не дожил. Он погиб 1 марта того же года от смертельного ранения, нанесенного революционером-смертником И.И. Гриневицким, который также погиб от брошенной под ноги царя бомбы.

Этот проект мог стать началом создания основ конституционной монархии. Большинство государственных чиновников были сторонниками этого проекта. Но новый царь неожиданно «завернул им шубу», и сделал ставку на К.П. Победоносцева, который в первые часы убийства его отца предпринял колоссальные усилия, чтобы навязать новому императору свои подходы к разрешению возникших проблем.

Что касается общих черт внутренней политики того и другого царя, так это то, что они не терпели революционеров и жестко боролись с ними, осторожно относились к «чуждым западным влияниям», ответственно относились к делам внутренней и внешней политике (ничего не пускали на самотек), любили Россию и делали все возможное для ее процветания!

Answer 2

Principal Differences in the Domestic Policies of Alexander II and Alexander III

When comparing the domestic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III, there are several principal differences that can be identified. It is important to note that while there are differences, there are also some common characteristics between the two rulers.

Alexander II: - Emancipation of the Serfs: One of the most significant reforms implemented by Alexander II was the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This reform aimed to abolish serfdom and grant peasants personal freedom, allowing them to own land and engage in other economic activities. - Judicial Reforms: Alexander II introduced significant judicial reforms, including the establishment of independent courts, the introduction of trial by jury, and the expansion of legal rights for individuals. - Local Government Reforms: Alexander II implemented reforms to establish local self-government institutions, known as zemstvos, which aimed to decentralize power and provide a degree of autonomy to local communities. - Military Reforms: Alexander II implemented military reforms, including reducing the length of military service and introducing conscription for all social classes. - Educational Reforms: Alexander II introduced educational reforms, expanding access to education and establishing a network of primary and secondary schools.

Alexander III: - Reversal of Reforms: Alexander III pursued a policy of reversing many of the reforms implemented by his father, Alexander II. He sought to strengthen autocracy and roll back liberal reforms. - Russification: Alexander III implemented a policy of Russification, which aimed to promote Russian culture and suppress the cultural and political autonomy of non-Russian ethnic groups within the Russian Empire. - Restrictions on Political Opposition: Alexander III imposed strict censorship and restrictions on political opposition, suppressing dissent and limiting political freedoms. - Industrialization and Economic Development: Alexander III focused on industrialization and economic development, promoting the growth of industry and infrastructure in Russia. - Expansion of the Secret Police: Alexander III expanded the powers and reach of the secret police, known as the Okhrana, to monitor and suppress political dissent.

Common Characteristics

Despite their differences, there are also some common characteristics in the domestic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III:

- Modernization Efforts: Both rulers recognized the need for modernization and implemented reforms aimed at modernizing various aspects of Russian society, such as the legal system, education, and military. - Centralization of Power: While Alexander II introduced some measures to decentralize power, both rulers ultimately sought to maintain and strengthen the centralization of power in the Russian Empire. - Focus on Economic Development: Both rulers recognized the importance of economic development and implemented policies to promote industrialization and infrastructure growth. - Maintenance of Autocracy: Despite the reforms implemented by Alexander II, both rulers ultimately sought to maintain autocratic rule and limit political freedoms.

In conclusion, the principal differences in the domestic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III lie in their approach to reforms, political freedoms, and the treatment of non-Russian ethnic groups. However, both rulers shared a focus on modernization, economic development, and the maintenance of autocracy.