Question

Причины основные события и итоги войны 1618-1648​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Тридцатилетняя война началась в 1618 и закончилась в 1648 году. В этой войне участвовала фактически вся Европа.  

Сначала данный конфликт был религиозным, но потом он стал и политическим (гегемония в Европе) и экономическим (торговые пути).

Причины войны:

- католическая церковь хотела вернуть позиции, которые были ей утрачены в рамках Реформации

- Габсбурги хотели сделать Священную Римскую империю гегемном в Европе

- Франция планировала помешать планам Габсбургов

- Дания и Швеция хотели быть гегемонами на морских путях

- Англия и Испания тоже боролись за торговые морские пути

Поэтому в войне участвовали: Священная Римская империя, Католическая лига, Португалия, Испания против Дании, Швеции, Франции, Протестанской унии.

Основные события:

- Чешский период (1618–1623): Пражская дефенестрация

- Датский период (1625–1629): столкновения Франции и Габсбургов

- Шведский период (1630–1635): битва при Брейтенфельде, захват Мюнхен; Парижский мирный дговор между Швецией и Габсбургами; Щтумсдорфский договор Швеции и Польши; Сен-Жерменский договор Швеции и Франции.  

- Франко-шведский период (1635–1648): битва при Рокруа, битва при Нердлингене; Вестфальский мир.

+ локальные конфликты:  

• Русско-польская война

• Война Голландии и Испании

• Война за мантуанское наследство

• Польско-шведская война

Итоги:

Вестфальский мир:  

o Франция получает Южный Эльзас, епископство Мец, епископство Туль, епископство Верден,

o Швеция получает герцогство Бремен, остров Рюген, Западную Померанию, контрибуцию в 5 миллионов талеров.

o Саксония получает Лузацию

o Бранденбург получает Восточную Померанию, архиепископство Магдебург, епископство Минден

o Бавария получила Верхний Пфальц

+ Германия стала раздробленной; князья могут заключать союзы с другими государствами во внешней политике.  

Объяснение:

Answer 2

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648): Causes, Major Events, and Outcomes

The Thirty Years' War was a complex and devastating conflict that took place in Europe from 1618 to 1648. It involved numerous countries and had profound political, religious, and social consequences. Let's explore the causes, major events, and outcomes of this war.

Causes of the Thirty Years' War

The war had multiple causes, including religious tensions, territorial disputes, and power struggles among European nations. The main causes can be summarized as follows:

1. Religious Conflict: Religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants played a significant role in triggering the war. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 had granted limited religious freedom to Lutherans, but it excluded Calvinists. This exclusion led to ongoing religious disputes and dissatisfaction among Protestant groups.

2. Territorial Disputes: The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of independent states, each with its own ruler and varying religious affiliations. The conflict arose when Protestant nobles in Bohemia rebelled against the Catholic Habsburg rule, triggering a power struggle for control over the region.

3. Power Struggles: The war was also fueled by the ambitions of European powers seeking to expand their influence and control. France, Sweden, and Denmark, for example, saw an opportunity to weaken the Habsburgs and increase their own power.

Major Events of the Thirty Years' War

The war can be divided into four main phases, each marked by significant events:

1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625): The war began with the Bohemian Revolt in 1618 when Protestant nobles in Bohemia rebelled against the Catholic Habsburgs. The conflict quickly spread throughout Central Europe, with the Catholic forces led by the Habsburgs gaining the upper hand.

2. Danish Phase (1625-1629): Denmark, led by King Christian IV, intervened on the Protestant side. However, the Catholic forces, led by the Habsburgs and their allies, defeated the Danish army and forced Christian IV to withdraw from the war.

3. Swedish Phase (1630-1635): Sweden, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, entered the war on the Protestant side. The Swedish forces achieved several victories and significantly weakened the Catholic League. However, Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the Battle of Lützen in 1632.

4. French Phase (1635-1648): France, led by Cardinal Richelieu, joined the war against the Habsburgs to prevent their dominance in Europe. The conflict expanded beyond religious issues and became a struggle for power and influence. The war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Outcomes of the Thirty Years' War

The Peace of Westphalia, which concluded the war, had several important outcomes:

1. Religious Freedom: The Peace of Westphalia recognized the principle of cuius regio, eius religio (whose realm, his religion), allowing rulers to determine the religion of their own territories. This granted greater religious freedom and ended the dominance of the Catholic Church.

2. Territorial Changes: The war led to significant territorial changes. The Peace of Westphalia confirmed the independence of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. It also recognized the sovereignty of numerous German states, leading to the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire.

3. Balance of Power: The war weakened the Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, reducing their influence in Europe. France emerged as a major power, while Sweden gained territories in Northern Germany.

4. Devastation and Loss of Life: The war resulted in widespread devastation, famine, and disease. It caused immense suffering and loss of life, with estimates suggesting that up to one-third of the population in some areas perished.

In conclusion, the Thirty Years' War was a complex conflict driven by religious tensions, territorial disputes, and power struggles. It had profound consequences for Europe, leading to changes in religious freedom, territorial boundaries, and the balance of power among European nations.