Question

за допомогою вчителя і додаткових джерел інформації зіставте становище православної церкви у Речі Посполитій і Московському царстві в XVI ст.​

Answer 1

Ответ:

У Речі Посполитій православ'я було під найсуворішими заборонами. Там навіть карали за таке.

У Московському ж царстві, церкву використовували у ролі цапа відбувайла. Всіляко "зашивали" свої "проколи" відхрещуючись церквою.

Answer 2

The Position of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th Century

In the 16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a multi-religious state that included a significant Orthodox Christian population. The Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth had a unique position and faced various challenges and developments during this period.

1. Union of Brest (1596): One of the significant events that shaped the position of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the Union of Brest in 1596. This union aimed to bring the Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth into union with the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, a portion of the Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth, known as the Ruthenian Church, entered into communion with Rome while retaining their Eastern liturgical traditions and practices.

2. Impact of the Union: The Union of Brest had a profound impact on the Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth. It led to the creation of the Eastern Catholic Church, also known as the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. This church recognized the authority of the Pope while maintaining certain Eastern Orthodox traditions. However, the Union also caused divisions within the Orthodox community, with some Orthodox believers rejecting the union and remaining separate from the Catholic Church.

3. Status of the Orthodox Church: Despite the Union of Brest, the Orthodox Church continued to exist in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Orthodox believers who did not join the union were allowed to practice their faith and maintain their separate religious institutions. However, they faced certain restrictions and limitations compared to the Roman Catholic Church. For example, Orthodox clergy were not allowed to hold high-ranking positions in the Commonwealth's administration.

4. Cultural and Intellectual Influence: Despite the challenges, the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth played a significant role in the cultural and intellectual life of the region. Orthodox monasteries and schools served as centers of learning and preserved the Eastern Orthodox theological tradition. Orthodox theologians and scholars made important contributions to religious and intellectual discourse during this period.

The Position of the Orthodox Church in the Tsardom of Muscovy in the 16th Century

In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Muscovy (later known as the Tsardom of Russia) was predominantly Orthodox Christian. The Orthodox Church held a central and influential position in the religious, social, and political life of Muscovy during this period.

1. State Church: The Orthodox Church in Muscovy was the state church and enjoyed close ties with the ruling elite. The Tsar, as the head of the state, was also the supreme authority in the Orthodox Church. The Church played a crucial role in legitimizing the authority of the Tsar and maintaining social order.

2. Role of the Patriarch: The position of the Patriarch of Moscow was established in the 16th century, further solidifying the central role of the Orthodox Church in Muscovy. The Patriarch was the highest-ranking clergyman in the Church and had significant influence over religious and political matters.

3. Expansion of Orthodoxy: In the 16th century, the Tsardom of Muscovy actively expanded its territory and influence. This expansion often involved the incorporation of Orthodox Christian lands and populations. The Orthodox Church played a vital role in the process of assimilating these territories into the Muscovite state and spreading Orthodox Christianity.

4. Religious Reforms: The 16th century also witnessed religious reforms within the Orthodox Church in Muscovy. The Church sought to strengthen its authority and combat perceived heresies and deviations from Orthodox doctrine. These reforms included the publication of the first printed edition of the complete Bible in Old Church Slavonic, known as the "Gennady Bible," and the establishment of stricter regulations for clergy and monastic life.

5. Influence on Culture and Society: The Orthodox Church had a profound impact on the culture and society of Muscovy in the 16th century. It shaped religious practices, artistic expressions, and social norms. The Church's teachings and rituals permeated all aspects of daily life, and its influence extended to education, literature, and architecture.

Overall, in the 16th century, the position of the Orthodox Church differed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Muscovy. In the Commonwealth, the Orthodox Church faced challenges and divisions due to the Union of Brest, while in Muscovy, it held a central and influential role as the state church.