Question

О Венском конгрессе 1814-1815 гг. и его решениях вы знаете из курсов всеобщей и отечественной истории. Охарактеризуйте значение этого конгресса для: а) международных отношений в Европе, б) внешнеполи тических позиций России.​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Ответ: а

Объяснение:

Конгресс определил новую расстановку сил в Европе, сложившуюся к концу наполеоновских войн, на долгое время обозначив ведущую роль стран-победительниц — России, Пруссии, Австрии и Великобритании — в международных отношениях.

В результате конгресса сложилась Венская система международных отношений и был создан Священный союз европейских государств, имевший целью обеспечение незыблемости европейских монархий.

Answer 2

The Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 and Its Significance

The Vienna Congress, also known as the Congress of Vienna, was a diplomatic conference held in Vienna, Austria, from 1814 to 1815. It aimed to redraw the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and establish a new balance of power among European nations. The decisions made at the Congress had significant implications for international relations in Europe and the foreign policy positions of Russia.

a) Significance for International Relations in Europe:

The Vienna Congress had a profound impact on international relations in Europe. Its main objective was to restore stability and maintain peace in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress aimed to achieve this by establishing a new balance of power among the major European powers and by promoting the principle of legitimacy, which sought to restore legitimate monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon.

The Congress resulted in several important decisions and agreements that shaped the future of Europe. These included:

1. Territorial Adjustments: The Congress redrew the map of Europe, making territorial adjustments to ensure a balance of power. It aimed to prevent any single nation from becoming too dominant and to maintain stability by avoiding future conflicts over territorial disputes.

2. Principle of Legitimacy: The Congress emphasized the restoration of legitimate monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon. This principle aimed to establish stability by reinstating traditional rulers and their pre-Napoleonic territories.

3. Concert of Europe: The Congress established the Concert of Europe, a system of regular diplomatic meetings among the major European powers. The Concert aimed to maintain peace and stability by promoting cooperation and resolving disputes through diplomatic means.

4. Suppression of Nationalism: The Congress sought to suppress nationalist movements and ideas that had emerged during the Napoleonic era. It aimed to maintain the existing political order and prevent the disintegration of empires by suppressing aspirations for self-determination and independence.

Overall, the Vienna Congress played a crucial role in shaping the international relations of Europe in the 19th century. It established a framework for cooperation and diplomacy among European powers and aimed to maintain stability and prevent future conflicts.

b) Significance for Russia's Foreign Policy Positions:

The Vienna Congress had significant implications for Russia's foreign policy positions. Russia, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander I, played a prominent role in the Congress and had several objectives in mind.

1. Expansion of Territory: Russia sought to expand its territory and influence in Eastern Europe. The Congress provided an opportunity for Russia to negotiate territorial gains and secure its borders. As a result, Russia acquired territories such as Finland, Bessarabia, and parts of Poland.

2. Promotion of Orthodox Christianity: Russia, as a predominantly Orthodox Christian nation, aimed to promote the interests of the Orthodox Church and protect the rights of Orthodox Christians in the territories affected by the Congress. This included advocating for the rights of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

3. Balance of Power: Russia, like other major European powers, aimed to maintain a balance of power in Europe. The Congress provided an opportunity for Russia to negotiate its position and ensure that no single nation became too dominant, which could threaten its own interests.

4. Status as a Great Power: The Congress allowed Russia to assert its status as a great power and participate in shaping the future of Europe. It provided a platform for Russia to engage in diplomatic negotiations and establish itself as a key player in European affairs.

In summary, the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 had significant importance for both international relations in Europe and Russia's foreign policy positions. It aimed to establish stability, redraw the map of Europe, and promote the principle of legitimacy. The decisions made at the Congress shaped the international order in Europe for the following decades and had a lasting impact on the balance of power among European nations.