Question

Почему критика культа личности Сталина, прозвучавшая на 10ом съезде КПСС, была неоднозначно воспринята современниками? Чем можно объяснить то, что спустя десятилетия после ухода поколения, жившего в "сталинское время", вопрос о культе личности вызывает дискуссии в обществе?

Answer 1

Ответ:

Было свергнуто временное правительство, и к власти пришло правительство, сформированное ii всероссийским съездом советов, абсолютное большинство делегатов которого составили большевики (рсдрп(б)) и их союзники левые эсеры, поддержанные также некоторыми национальными организациями, небольшой частью меньшевиков-интернационалистов, и некоторыми анархистами . временное правительство было свергнуто в ходе вооружённого восстания 25—26 октября (7  — 8 ноября по новому стилю), главными организаторами которого были в.  и.  ленин, л.  д.  троцкий, я.  м.  свердлов и др. непосредственное руководство восстанием осуществлял военно-революционный комитет петроградского совета, в который входили также левые эсеры.

Answer 2

The Criticism of Stalin's Personality Cult at the 20th Congress of the CPSU

The criticism of Stalin's personality cult at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1956 was met with mixed reactions by contemporaries. The reasons for this varied response can be attributed to several factors.

1. Fear and Repression: During Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union experienced a period of intense repression, with millions of people being purged, imprisoned, or executed. The fear instilled by Stalin's regime made it difficult for individuals to openly express their true opinions about him or his policies. Many people were afraid of the consequences of criticizing Stalin, as dissent was often met with severe punishment. This atmosphere of fear and repression contributed to the lack of open criticism during Stalin's lifetime.

2. Propaganda and Indoctrination: Stalin's regime heavily relied on propaganda and indoctrination to shape public opinion and maintain control. The state-controlled media portrayed Stalin as a great leader and savior of the Soviet Union, emphasizing his role in industrialization, victory in World War II, and the advancement of communism. This constant reinforcement of Stalin's image as an infallible leader made it difficult for people to question or criticize him openly.

3. Cult of Personality: Stalin's personality cult was carefully cultivated by the Soviet regime. His image was omnipresent in public spaces, and his name was associated with the achievements of the Soviet Union. The cult of personality created an environment where any criticism of Stalin was seen as an attack on the state itself. This made it challenging for individuals to separate their loyalty to the state from their personal opinions about Stalin.

4. Political Climate: The 20th Congress of the CPSU took place in 1956, after Stalin's death in 1953. This period marked a significant shift in the political climate of the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev, who delivered the secret speech denouncing Stalin's cult of personality, was attempting to distance himself from the excesses of Stalin's rule and promote a policy of de-Stalinization. However, even within the party, there were differing opinions on how to handle the legacy of Stalin. Some party members supported Khrushchev's criticism, while others were more hesitant or even resistant to openly denouncing Stalin.

5. Legacy and Historical Perspective: The passing of time allowed for a more critical examination of Stalin's rule and the impact of his personality cult. As subsequent generations grew up without direct experience of Stalin's regime, they were able to approach the topic with a more objective lens. The opening of archives and the availability of historical research also contributed to a deeper understanding of the atrocities committed during Stalin's rule. This led to increased discussions and debates about the nature and consequences of the cult of personality.

In conclusion, the criticism of Stalin's personality cult at the 20th Congress of the CPSU was met with mixed reactions due to the fear and repression during Stalin's rule, the influence of propaganda and indoctrination, the carefully cultivated cult of personality, the evolving political climate, and the changing historical perspective on Stalin's rule. These factors combined to create a complex and nuanced response to the criticism of Stalin's personality cult both at the time and in subsequent years.