Question

Используя ПОПС анализ, оцените Административные реформы 1867-1868 гг.​ срочно​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Объяснение:

Согласно реформе вся территория Казахстана делилась на три генерал-губернаторства: Туркестанское, Оренбургское, Западно-Сибирское. Вся полнота военной и гражданской власти сосредоточивалась в руках генерал-губернатора, а Туркестанский генерал-губернатор вдобавок имел право вести дипломатические переговоры с Китаем и Ираном. Система управления носила военный характер. Генерал-губернаторства состояли из областей. В Оренбургское генерал-губернаторство входили: Уральская и Тургайская; в Западно-Сибирское: Акмолинская и Семипалатинская; в Туркестанское: Семиреченская и Сырдарьинская. Территория бывшего Букеевского ханства в 1872 году была включена в состав Астраханской губернии; Мангыстау - под управление Кавказского военного округа, а позже вошел в Закаспийскую область. Областные правления подчинялись военным губернаторам, которые являлись командующими военными округами и одновременно являлись наказными атаманами казачьих войск, расположенных на территории области. Областные правления состояли из трех отделов: распорядительного, хозяйственного и судебного. Председателем правления был вице-губернатор, он имел советников, отделы правления возглавляли старшие советники. Пограничные области: Семиреченская и Сырдарьинская занимались пограничными делами. Области делились на уезды, их было 34. Уезды возглавляли уездные начальники - офицеры, которые назначались генерал-губернатором по представлению военных губернаторов областей. Уездный начальник имел помощников - старшего и младшего. Во всей этой иерархии представители местной родовой верхушки и султанской знати могли занять лишь должность младшего помощника уездного начальника.

Answer 2

Administrative Reforms of 1867-1868

The administrative reforms of 1867-1868 in Russia were a series of changes implemented by the government during that period. These reforms aimed to modernize and centralize the administrative structure of the country. The reforms were initiated by Tsar Alexander II and were part of his broader efforts to modernize Russia and strengthen the state.

1. Zemstvo System: One of the key reforms introduced during this period was the establishment of the Zemstvo system. The Zemstvo was a local self-government institution that aimed to decentralize power and involve the local population in decision-making processes. The Zemstvo was responsible for various aspects of local administration, including education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and social welfare.

2. Judicial Reforms: Another significant aspect of the administrative reforms was the introduction of judicial reforms. These reforms aimed to improve the efficiency and fairness of the judicial system. They included the establishment of a new judicial hierarchy, the introduction of trial by jury, and the codification of laws.

3. Local Government Reforms: The administrative reforms of 1867-1868 also focused on strengthening local government institutions. The reforms aimed to streamline the administrative structure by reducing the number of administrative divisions and establishing a more efficient system of governance. This included the creation of new administrative units and the appointment of local officials.

4. Military Reforms: In addition to the above-mentioned reforms, the government also implemented military reforms during this period. These reforms aimed to modernize the Russian military and improve its efficiency. They included changes in recruitment, training, and organization of the armed forces.

5. Impact and Evaluation: The administrative reforms of 1867-1868 had both positive and negative impacts on Russian society. On the positive side, the reforms aimed to improve governance, decentralize power, and involve the local population in decision-making processes. The establishment of the Zemstvo system, in particular, provided an avenue for local participation and contributed to the development of local infrastructure and social welfare.

However, the reforms also faced challenges and limitations. The Zemstvo system, for example, was limited in its scope and did not cover the entire country. The reforms also did not address some of the fundamental issues in Russian society, such as the lack of political freedoms and the growing discontent among various social groups.

In evaluating the administrative reforms of 1867-1868, it is important to consider the broader context of the time. These reforms were part of a larger process of modernization and centralization initiated by Tsar Alexander II. While they brought some positive changes, they were not sufficient to address the deep-rooted issues in Russian society.

Overall, the administrative reforms of 1867-1868 represented an important step towards modernization and centralization in Russia. However, their impact was limited, and they did not fully address the challenges facing the country at that time.

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